What Can I Do With This Major?

Music Business

Career_Admin — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 19:21:53 +0000

Thank you to staff at Belmont University Career Services for creating this resource. Its format varies slightly from other titles in the series.

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Music Publishing/Administration
Accounting/Finance/Royalty Management
Business Management
A&R (Artists and Repertoire)/Talent Scouting
Song plugging
Songwriting
Radio/Concert Promotions
Radio
Artist Management/Development
Digital Marketing/New Media/Social Media
Marketing
Merchandise Design/Production/Sales
Tour Management/Road Management
Venue Management
Booking
Publicity/Styling
Public Relations/Media Relations
Event Planning/ Sponsorships/Festivals
Personal/Executive Assistance
Copyright Management
Entertainment Law
Music Licensing
Music Supervision
Recording Studio Management
Audio Engineering
Audio/Sound Design
Broadcast Audio
Music Journalism/Film and TV Writer
Record/Video/TV Production
Stage Design and Management
Lighting Design

Music publishing firms
Business management firms
Booking agencies
Performance rights organizations
Record labels
Artist management firms
Licensing firms
Event management firms
Corporate marketing/advertising agencies
Entertainment venues
Talent agencies
Radio/TV stations
Entertainment law firms
Entertainment magazines
Nonprofit organizations
Professional sports teams
Theatres, e.g. Broadway, off-Broadway, local
Music studios
Audio equipment manufacturers/dealers
TV and film production studios
Video game designers/producers
Independent/Freelance work

Volunteer for industry events and non-profit benefits.
Complete and excel in entertainment internships.
Work for a campus or local radio station.
Manage a local band/artist.
Gain experience by working at a local venue.
Take courses in marketing, accounting, finance, communications, entrepreneurship, public relations, management, and others related to entertainment.
Increase digital marketing and technology skills by taking additional courses in graphic design and web design.
Promote campus events online through digital marketing and social media.
Produce a local band or artist’s record.
Engage with booking agencies through talent buying for campus concerts.
Get involved with campus student activity boards or student unions.
Work in an audio equipment rental/sales store to learn more about equipment and maintaining it.
Conduct informational interviews with people in jobs of interest, and build a strong network of contacts.
Organize songwriting sessions with other students.
Join local entertainment organizations.
Acquire sales experience inside or outside of the industry.
Find sponsors for campus events or benefits.
Write blogs/articles/press releases for school publications, events, and student organizations.

Linguistics

Career_Admin — Tue, 28 Jun 2011 19:08:45 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

EDUCATION

Teaching
Research
Applied Linguistics
Teacher Training
Curriculum Development
Test/Assessment Development
Foreign Language Instruction
English as a Second Language (ESL) Instruction
English to Speakers of Other Language (TESOL)
Instruction
Literacy Development
Information/Library Science

Universities and colleges
K-12 school systems
Language institutes
Community education programs
Testing companies, e.g. ETS

To teach in higher education, earn a doctoral degree in linguistics or a related subject such as English, philosophy, speech pathology, or foreign language.
As an undergraduate, maintain a high GPA and secure strong recommendations from faculty.
Serve as a tutor, peer mentor, or other student leader.
Look for opportunities to assist faculty with research.
Study languages, both Indo-European and non-Indo-European.
To be more competitive for tenure-track positions in linguistics, plan to complete a post-doc and gain experience with multiple subfields or those that are more applied. Subfields include: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, dialectology, pragmatics, and language acquisition.
Earn relevant graduate degrees to prepare for other fields such as, information science, ESL/TESOL, or language education.
Foreign language instruction requires teacher certification for K-12 and a doctoral degree for postsecondary.
To prepare for work with non-native English speakers, get involved with the campus or local international community. Study abroad and attend multi-cultural events on campus or in the community.
Research the many programs available for teaching English abroad. Consider earning a certificate or seeking specialized training to prepare for these positions.

COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS

Speech Synthesis
Speech Recognition
Natural Language Processing
Text-Content Analysis
Machine Translation
Artificial Intelligence
Database or Lexicon Development
Information Extraction
Text Mining
Research

e-Businesses, e.g. Amazon
Software developers
Computer companies, e.g. IBM, Microsoft
Natural-language processor fi rms
Search engines, e.g. Google
Database developers
Other business firms

Earn a master’s or doctoral degree in linguistics, computer science or computational linguistics.
Supplement undergraduate curriculum with courses in computer science.
Develop skills in computer programming, computer scripting, natural language processing techniques, and other relevant technologies.
Gain experience by completing an internship in the computer industry.
Read use/net or netnews groups and professional journals to understand current trends in the field.
Be prepared to continuously learn new computer languages and technologies to stay abreast of changes.
This area represents some of the higher-demand opportunities within linguistics.

GOVERNMENT

Translation
Interpretation
Localization
Forensic Linguistics
Cryptology
Intelligence
Analysis
Writing
Editing

Federal government including:
- National Security Agency
- Central Intelligence Agency
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Foreign Service
- Armed Forces
State and local government including:
- Police departments

Seek leadership roles in relevant campus groups such as model United Nations, student government, and cross-cultural organizations.
Develop skills in computers, statistics, and data analysis.
Acquire foreign language competency and travel experience for international positions. Consider studying critical needs languages, e.g. Arabic, Farsi, Chinese, Russian, Spanish, etc.
Complete an internship with the federal government. There are a large number of specialized agencies within the federal government. Do extensive research in order to find the area that best fits your interests and to learn about candidate requirements.
Become familiar with the government application process. Utilize applicable websites and seek assistance from your college career center.

COMMUNICATION DISORDERS

Speech Pathology
Language Disorders
Audiology
Aural Rehabilitation
Neurocommunicative Science
Cognitive Sciences
Teaching
Research

Schools, K-12
Universities and colleges
Hospitals
Physicians’ offices
Speech, language, and hearing centers
Developmental Learning Centers
Home healthcare offices
Nursing homes
Residential facilities
Federal agencies including:
- Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institutes of Health
- Department of Health and Human Services
- Department of Education
- Armed Services
Health Maintenance Organizations
Private individual or group practice
Public health departments
Rehabilitation centers

The study of communication disorders is interdisciplinary and draws upon linguistics, speech pathology, audiology, and psychology. Research prerequisite courses for graduate school admission and take the appropriate undergraduate classes.
A master’s degree from an accredited speech language pathology program is required to enter that field. A doctoral degree is commonly required for audiology. Most states require certification of speech pathologists and all states for audiologists. Obtain the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology or Audiology offered by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
Take courses in American Sign Language.
Maintain a high GPA and seek related experiences to be competitive for graduate school.
Learn to work well people of varying ages and backgrounds, including those with disabilities.
Develop patience as progress in clients may be slow.

ADDITIONAL AREAS

Translation
Interpreting
Language Documentation
Fieldwork
Lexicography (work with dictionaries)
Technical Writing
Editing
Journalism
Medical Linguistics
Forensic Linguistics
Product Naming
Consulting

Government agencies
Foreign governments
International businesses
Hospitals
Courts
Publishers: magazine, book, textbook, dictionary
Internet sites
Manufacturers of consumer products
Law firms
Consulting firms

There are many employment settings in which students can utilize a degree in linguistics.
Research areas of interest and seek the appropriate education, skills, and experiences to qualify for that field.
Some of these areas will require graduate degrees in linguistics or educational background in other disciplines.
Gain relevant experience through internships.

General Information and Strategies

Linguistics is an interdisciplinary fi eld and therefore good preparation for a wide variety of graduate programs including: linguistics, speech pathology, audiology, cognitive sciences, English, law, journalism, foreign languages, etc.
Students who major in linguistics develop strong analytical and communication skills and the ability to debate. They are commonly required to gain proficiency in a second language.
Students should consider a secondary area of study such as, foreign language, computer science, psychology, or other area of interest to increase opportunities for employment or graduate school.
Consider study abroad and getting involved with the international community on campus. Attend language conversation tables.
Research career paths of interest and seek to gain the skills, experiences, and degrees necessary to work in that field.
Conduct informational interviews with or shadow professionals to learn about various work environments.
Join related professional associations as a student member.
Because many career paths require graduate education, learn about the graduate school admissions process and build a strong candidacy.
Gain relevant experience through jobs, volunteer positions, or internships.

Art History

Career_Admin — Fri, 27 May 2011 15:09:46 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Museums and Galleries

Administration
Curatorial
Preservation and Conservation
Restoration
Registrarial
Collections Management
Exhibit Design/Preparation
Archive Management
Art Authentication
Education
Publications
Development
Docent Coordination
Public Relations
Reproductions and Retailing

Art museums:
- University
- Public
- private
Archives
Historical societies
Natural history museums
Living history museums
Galleries

Gain relevant experience through internships or volunteer positions in museums or galleries.
Visit museums around the country and world to gain exposure to art.
Learn a foreign language and plan to study abroad.
Supplement curriculum with courses in history, religion, anthropology, and classical civilizations.
Most art historians will specialize in a period or region.
Acquire strong skills in research, fundraising, speaking, writing, and an attention to detail.
Plan to earn a graduate degree in art history, museum studies, or other related discipline depending on specific interests. Each specialty has varying qualifications and required training.
Develop good interpersonal skills, including the ability to work well on teams.
Read published resources provided by the American Association of Museums (AAM).

Art Sales

Appraisal: Art and Estate
Sales
Antiques Dealing
Art Authentication
Public Relations

Self-employed
Art dealers Galleries:
- Profit and non-profit
Museums
Auction houses
Specialty stores
Interior design firms
Insurance agencies

Learn to communicate effectively with a wide range of people. Take additional courses in interpersonal communication and public speaking.
Pursue a business minor to increase knowledge of business principles. An understanding of public relations is also helpful.
Prepare to work independently and be self- motivated.
Plan to work irregular or long hours.
Entrepreneurial spirit, including self-discipline and perseverance, are keys to success.
Obtain sales experience through internships or summer and part-time jobs.
Volunteer in museums, membership drives, local galleries, and community outreach programs.
Serve as a student assistant in a university gallery.
Research certificate programs in appraisal studies to prepare for that field.
Consider earning a minor in a foreign language.

Education

Teaching
Research
Administration
Library/Information Sciences
Visual Resources Curating
Student Affairs
- Student Activities
- Leadership Development
- Admissions
- Orientation
- Career Services
- Residence Life
- Multi-cultural Affairs
- Study Abroad
- International Student Services
Academic Affairs
- Academic Support Services
- Advising
- Educational Advancement Programs
- Honors Programs
Community Education

Public and private schools
Colleges and universities
Art and design schools
Art libraries
Museums

Develop excellent speaking, writing, and research skills.
Learn how to develop curriculum and workshops and how to use multimedia.
Become an expert in a particular subject.
Acquire a background in foreign languages such as German or French.
Obtain degree and certification in art education for public school teaching.
Ph.D. is required for teaching and research in colleges and universities. Teaching art history at this level is extremely competitive.
Earn a master’s degree in information science for librarianships or college student personnel/higher education administration for other positions in colleges and universities.
Maintain a high grade point average and secure strong faculty recommendations.
Seek campus leadership positions such as peer mentor, orientation leader, or resident assistant.

Media

Publishing
Editing
Free Lance Writing
Art Criticism
Set Design
Costuming

Newspapers
Art magazines and journals
Textbook or commercial publishing houses
News departments of local, public, and commercial radio and TV stations
Syndicated radio services
Internet sites
Movie studios
Production companies

Consider obtaining a minor or double major in journalism or broadcasting/electronic media, English, or theater depending upon interests.
Develop excellent writing and editing skills along with knowledge of the history and culture of art.
Learn web design skills to prepare for online work. This area of journalism is growing while print is declining.
Become comfortable working in a deadline-oriented atmosphere.
Work with campus or local newspapers, TV, or radio stations. Create a portfolio of work samples, especially those that have been published.
Seek opportunities for recognition and networking through writing contests and freelance writing submissions.
Complete internships, even if unpaid, in movie studios or other relevant organizations.

Non-Profit

Administration
Management
Public Relations
Development
Research
Grant Writing
Direct Service

Local and national nonprofit agencies
- Arts Education Partnership
- National Arts Education Association
- Americans for the Arts
Foundations
- International Child Art Foundation
- Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts
Trade or professional associations
Special interest groups
Libraries
Museums:
- University
- Public
- Private
Historic sites, e.g. The Biltmore, Mount Vernon
Historical societies

Gain experience through volunteering or completing an internship.
Supplement curriculum with courses in business, psychology, sociology, or social work.
Obtain leadership roles in relevant campus and community organizations.
Develop strong communication and research skills.
Learn how to write grants.
Research organizations’ values to find a good fit with yours. It is critical that you are knowledgeable about and committed to the work you’re going to do.
Investigate term of service or service corps positions as a way to gain entry into the field.
Earn a graduate degree for more job opportunities and advancement.

Government

Public Affairs
Writing/Editing
Audiovisual Producing
Museum Work
Curating
Development

State arts agencies
Local, state, and national councils for the arts
Historical commissions
Museums/galleries
- Smithsonian Institute
- The National Gallery Film boards
Libraries and archives
Endowments/grant making agencies
Cultural affairs agencies

Maintain a strong grade point average as many government programs are very competitive.
Complete an internship with the federal government.
There are a large number of specialized agencies within the federal government. Do extensive research to find the area that best fits your interests.
Earn a graduate degree for advancement.
Become familiar with the government application process. Utilize applicable websites and seek assistance from your college career center.
Develop a network of contacts through informational interviews and referrals.

Business

Management
Sales
Public Relations
Market Research
Creative Design

Product and service organizations
Retail stores
Hotels
Restaurants
Wholesalers
Manufacturers
Banks and financial institutions
Insurance companies
Real estate agencies
Consulting firms
Other business corporations

Develop strong analytical, verbal, and writing skills.
Acquire a business minor or add business as a double major.
Gain experience in an area of interest through internships or other employment.
Obtain leadership roles in campus organizations.
Demonstrate excellent interpersonal skills.
Hone computer skills and learn software packages
for databases, spreadsheets, and presentations.
Be prepared to start in entry level positions, such as management trainee programs.

General Information and Strategies

A bachelor’s degree in art history is valuable for entry-level positions, but an advanced degree is usually necessary to attain competitive, upper-level positions in museums and historical sites.
Explore more specific careers related to art history such as art appraisal or art authentication. Careers also exist with auction houses and the storage and transportation of art work, art investment, corporate curation, art law, and law enforcement.
Develop career goals and then gain the necessary education, skills, and experiences to achieve them.
Gain as much relevant experience as possible through volunteer positions and internships.
Be prepared to relocate to the larger markets of metropolitan areas where more opportunities exist.
Join art-related professional and student organizations.
Develop skills in business management, computers, marketing, and other related areas to increase marketability.
Gain experience in fundraising and grant writing techniques. Often research and nonprofit organizations must be funded in this manner.
Seek exposure to art by visiting museums around the country and world. Learn about world history, cultures, and languages.
Conduct informational interviews with professionals in areas of interest to learn more about opportunities and strategies for these areas. Learn to network.

Women’s Studies

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:50:12 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Business and Industry

Training and Development
Human Resources
Equity and Diversity
Management
Marketing
Advertising
Public Relations
Sales
Consulting

Public and private corporations, particularly:
- Women’s divisions
- Female focused industries
Consulting firms
Marketing companies
Public relations agencies
Organizations for research on and advancement of women in business, e.g., Catalyst

Obtain a minor or double major in business.
Earn a graduate degree in an area of interest.
Gain experience through internships or other employment.
Become current with business and industry literature and news.
Stay abreast of current technology.
Gain leadership experience through campus involvement or volunteer work.
When job searching, seek employers interested in hiring “any major.”
Understand the top skills employers desire and be prepared to demonstrate them, such as communication (oral and written), computer, interpersonal, leadership, and teamwork, etc.
Be willing to start in a management-trainee program or other entry-level positions.

Healthcare

Medicine Specializing in Women’s Issues:
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Breast Cancer
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Fertility
Nursing
Physical Therapy
Occupational Therapy
Dentistry
Public Health

Healthcare settings exclusively for women
Organizations devoted to women’s health including:
- National Women’s Health Organization
- CDC Women’s Health Department
Hospitals
Clinics
Private or group practice
Health networks
Wellness centers
Nursing homes
Mental health institutions
Federal, state, or local health departments
Centers for reproductive health

Maintain a high GPA for admission into graduate schools or professional programs.
Take prerequisite courses required by graduate programs or obtain a related double major or minor.
Meet with a pre-health advisor periodically to discuss curricular decisions.
Prepare for and take appropriate admissions tests.
Obtain summer jobs, volunteer positions, or internships to test field of interest and gain experience.
Talk to professionals in fields of interest and arrange shadowing opportunities.

Human Services

Counseling
Psychotherapy
Mental Health Services
Case Management
Social Work
Vocational/Career Counseling
Programming
Community Relations
Administration

Private and group practice
Mental health institutions
Hospitals and clinics
Federal, state, or local government, including:
- Department of Human Services
- Veterans Administration
Women’s service organizations, e.g. Girl Scouts, Women for Women, AWARE, About-Face, etc.
Organizations for women’s aid, e.g. rape crisis, pregnancy support organizations, eating disorder treatment centers, battered women’s shelters, adoption agencies,etc.
Youth and family agencies
University and college counseling and career centers

Obtain essential practical experience through part-time or summer jobs and internships.
Volunteer with organizations for women’s aid such as crisis hotlines, Big Sisters, women’s resource centers, etc.
Learn to work well with different types of people and gain experience working with diverse clientele.
Acquire knowledge of government and community resources available for those in need.
Earn a graduate degree in fields such as, marriage and family therapy, mental health counseling, social work, counseling psychology, etc. for substantive counseling and administrative roles.
Maintain a high GPA and secure strong faculty recommendations.
Research state licensure requirements in fields such as counseling and psychology.

Education

Teaching
Research
Information/Library Science
Higher Education Administration and Student Support Services including:

Admissions
Financial Aid
Academic Advising
Development
Alumni Affairs
International Education and Study Abroad
Career Services
Residence Life
Student Activities and Greek Life
Orientation
Leadership

Community Education

Universities and colleges
Women’s resource centers
Non-profit organizations
Government programs, e.g. classes for displaced homemakers, parenting, GED prep, etc.
Libraries (for Women’s Studies departments, women’s organizations, museums, etc.)

Earn a Ph.D. to teach and research in the field of Women’s Studies at four-year institutions.
Master’s or Ph.D. is required to teach at two-year colleges.
Obtain masters in library/information science or student affairs if interested in those areas.
Join related professional associations as a student member.
Gain experience through volunteer work or internships.
Seek leadership roles on campus such as peer mentor, resident advisor, or orientation leader.
Develop strong communication and public speaking skills.

Writing

Journalism
Creative Writing
Freelance Writing
Copy Writing

Newspapers
Magazines
Broadcast media companies including television and movie industry
Trade, professional, or consumer publications
Internet sites
Advertising agencies
Publishing houses
Large corporations
Self-employment

Pair an interest in Women’s Studies with communication skills to write about women, write on topics of interest to women, or for publications targeting a female audience.
Obtain a minor in English or journalism or take some general writing-focused classes.
Write for campus publications such as college newspapers, magazines, or department/program newsletters.
Volunteer to assist or tutor students in a writing center.
Create a portfolio of writing samples, especially those that have been published.
Seek opportunities for recognition and networking through writing contests and freelance writing submissions.
Become familiar with the proposal and submission process involved in freelance writing.

Nonprofit

Administration
Program Management and Development
Fund Raising/Development
Grant Writing
Research
Policy Analysis
Volunteer Coordination
Community Education
Public Relations and Marketing

Nonprofit organizations
Social service agencies
Hospitals and medical centers
Private foundations, e.g. The Ford Foundation
International organizations, e.g. The World Health Organization, The International Red Cross
Special interest groups
Trade or professional associations
Libraries
Educational institutions
Cultural heritage organizations
Women’s service organizations
Human rights organizations

Seek multiple volunteer and internship positions to gain experience and build contacts in the field.
Obtain leadership roles in relevant campus and community organizations.
Develop strong communication and research skills. Learn how to write grants and gain an understanding of budgeting and fiscal management.
Investigate term of service or service corps positions as a way to gain entry into the field.
Research organizations’ values to find a good fit with yours.
Consider earning a graduate degree for more job opportunities and advancement.

Law and Politics

Law
- Corporate Practice
- Public Interest Law
- Civil Law (family, discrimination, sexual harassment, etc.)
Lobbying
Government Relations
Elected or Appointed Leadership
Public Policy
Research
Intelligence
Campaign Management
Special Interest Advocacy
Program Administration

Law firms
Corporate legal departments
Public defenders offices
District attorneys
Government agencies
Public interest groups
Legal aid
Sole practitioner
Lobbying groups
Women’s advocacy organizations

Supplement curriculum with relevant courses to enhance research and writing skills.
Maintain a high GPA.
Prepare for and take the Law School Admission Test (LSAT).
Participate in activities that develop strong debate and public speaking skills such as mock trial.
Run for office in student government or work on a political campaign.
Gain relevant experience through jobs or internships with law firms or government agencies.
Obtain the J.D. for law positions or an advanced degree in political science or public administration for government positions.

General Information and Strategies

Women’s Studies provides a broad, liberal arts background that helps build skills in critical thinking and problem solving, data collection and analysis, oral, written and presentation skills, and co-operative teamwork skills.
Women’s studies also provides in-depth knowledge of the conditions of women in various cultures and societies, gender dynamics, strategies and organizational skills needed to address gender inequalities, women’s struggles, achievements, and contributions in past and present societies and across cultures, the courses and consequences of women’s subordination, gender-based assumptions and biases and their consequences, social change agents, and sensitivity to social concerns and other view points.
Some students may choose to study Women’s Studies because they enjoy the subject but wish to pursue careers requiring “any major.” In this scenario, it is critical to develop desirable skills through internships, part-time or summer jobs, or volunteer experiences.
Women’s Studies majors are excellent candidates for a number of graduate school options because of their broad liberal arts background as well as specific interests that may set them apart from other students. For those wishing to pursue graduate education, maintain a high GPA, establish relationships with faculty to secure strong recommendations, and gain experience through volunteer, work, or research opportunities.

Wildlife and Fisheries

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:49:48 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Wildlife Sciences

Conservation
Wildlife Management
Resource/Range/Property Management
Wildlife Biology and Ecology
Wildlife Research
Hunting and Game Management
Law Enforcement
Education/Interpretation

State, city, and county government agencies dealing with natural resources
Federal government including:

Fish and Wildlife Service
Park Service
Forest Service
Bureau of Land Management
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Justice
Army Corps of Engineer

Wildlife refuges
National and international environmental and conservation organizations
Zoos, aquariums, and other collections of animals
Universities and colleges
Non-governmental organizations, e.g., Trout Unlimited, Wild Turkey Foundation

Develop physical stamina, outdoor skills, and comfort being in close proximity with large and small animals.
Advanced degrees are often required in these positions, especially for research and biology.
Supplement curriculum with additional science courses in relevant areas, e.g., genetics, animal behavior, microbiology.
Gain extensive laboratory and research experience.
Research requirements for certifications available through the Wildlife Society, e.g., Certified Wildlife Biologist.
Seek internships, summer jobs, or volunteer positions to gain experience. Some professionals in the field will begin their careers in temporary jobs.
Join related campus organizations such as the Student Wildlife and Fisheries Society.
Develop public speaking and conflict management skills through coursework or experience.
For law enforcement jobs, be prepared to complete additional officer training and to go through a background check as part of the hiring process.
Attain experience with firearms, boat safety, and first aid training.
Become familiar with government job application procedures and use your college career center for assistance.
Be prepared to relocate to areas with abundant natural resources.

Aquatic Sciences

Aquaculture
Hatchery Operations Management
Aquarium Operations Management
Fisheries Management
Conservation
Research
Biology and Ecology
Limnology
Quality Control
Consulting

State, city, and county government agencies dealing with natural resources
Federal government including:

Bureau of Land Management
Fish and Wildlife Service
Forest Service
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Government hatcheries
Private commercial fish farms
Shellfish operations
Public and private aquariums
Non-profit research facilities
Inspection organizations
Colleges and universities

Gain work experience through internships, summer jobs, or volunteer positions.
Develop physical stamina, outdoor skills, and comfort being in water.
Pursue extensive laboratory and research experience by working in faculty laboratories through independent research classes, as a student employee, or through other departmental programs.
Earn a graduate degree to work in research/biology positions or to qualify for more and advanced opportunities in other areas.
Research requirements for certification available through the American Fisheries Society.
With a bachelor’s degree, look for entry-level technician positions to begin a career.
Practice good communication and problem solving skills. Exercise close attention to detail.
Join related campus organizations such as the Student Fisheries Association.
Pursue a minor in business if interested in management or self-employment.

Education

Teaching
Research
Natural Resource Education
Extension

Nature centers
Resource management agencies
Parks and recreation departments
Camps
Youth education organizations
Zoos
Museums
Private organizations
Extension services
Government agencies
Universities and colleges

Gain experience working with youth through tutoring, interning, or volunteering. Learn to work well with all types of people.
Seek leadership roles in student organizations.
Develop excellent interpersonal and public speaking skills.
Earn a Ph.D. to teach in universities and colleges.
Consider earning a master’s degree to be more competitive for resource education positions.
Maintain a high GPA and secure strong faculty recommendations.
Be prepared to live in rural communities for extension positions.

Veterinary Medicine

Areas of Specialization:

Small Animal Care
Large Animal Care
Public Health
Laboratory Animal Medicine
Exotic Animal Care
Research

Group or private practice
Federal government including:

Department of Agriculture:

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Food Safety and Inspection Service

Department of Interior:

Fish and Wildlife Service

Department of Health and Human Services:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Institutes of Health
Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine

State and local government
Colleges of veterinarian medicine
Medical schools
Research laboratories
Animal food companies
Inspection services
Pharmaceutical companies
Zoos
Wildlife sanctuaries

Wildlife and Fisheries can serve as a pre-vet bachelor’s degree. Research veterinary programs, take prerequisite courses to meet veterinary school requirements, and prepare for the application process.
Maintain an excellent GPA, particularly in the sciences, and build relationships with faculty. Strong recommendations from professors are needed for professional school.
Pursue extensive laboratory and research experience for research positions.
Gain experience in animal health settings, zoos, wildlife sanctuaries, etc., through volunteer positions, part-time jobs or summer work. Consider working as a veterinary technician.
Develop physical stamina, confidence working with both small and large animals and in various weather conditions.
Plan to work evenings, weekends or on-call for some positions.
Exercise close attention to detail and the ability to respond effectively in emergency situations.
Practice strong interpersonal skills for dealing with animal owners who may be upset.
Consider taking courses in business and communications or pursuing joint MBA/DVM programs, as self-employed veterinarians must effectively promote and manage their own businesses.
Seek active roles in pre-vet and other related clubs.

General Information and Strategies

As an undergraduate, seek laboratory experiences such as research projects, volunteering with professors, summer jobs, or internships.
Participate in research programs sponsored by environmental and government organizations. Explore internships with the Student Conservation Association.
Consider various certification options available through professional associations.
Earn master’s degree for greater variety and autonomy on the job. Earn a Ph.D. to work on high-level research projects, to direct research programs, to enter high levels of administration, and to teach at four-year post-secondary institutions. Postdoctoral fellowships may also be required.
The wildlife and fisheries degree can be good preparation for a career in healthcare such as medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science, but professional
degrees and licenses are also necessary to practice in these fields.
Combine an undergraduate degree with a degree in law, business, education, information science, or other discipline to expand career opportunities. Become familiar with the specific entrance exam for graduate or professional schools in your area of interest.
Learn to work independently and as part of a team.
Get involved with hobbies that will help you develop relevant skills and expose you to the outdoors, such as hunting, fishing, or bird watching.
Join professional associations and community organizations, and read related journals to stay abreast of current issues in the field and to develop networking
contacts. Actively participate in related campus groups.
Secure strong relationships and personal recommendations from professors and/or employers.
Learn federal, state, and local government job application process. The federal government is the largest employer of scientists.
Gain experience with grant writing and fundraising techniques. Often research must be funded in this manner.

Urban Studies

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:49:09 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Government

Demography
Social Statistics
Public Administration
Policy Analysis
Research
Community Development
Program Development
Human Services
City Planning
Law Enforcement

Federal departments and agencies such as:
- Departments of Agriculture, Education, Interior, Commerce, Defense
- Health and Human Services
- Drug Enforcement Administration
- Environmental Protection Agency
- Housing and Urban Development Veterans Affairs
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Aging
State and local government
Planning and development commissions
National, state, or local parks or recreation departments
Housing authorities
Transportation departments
Social service agencies
Peace Corps and Americorps

Supplement curriculum with coursework in statistics and social research. Consider obtaining a minor in political science, public administration, or other relevant field.
Develop exceptional computer, communication, and research skills.
Complete an internship with the federal government.
Seek leadership roles in relevant campus or community organizations.
Develop a specialty such as aging, family, criminal justice, or healthcare.
Become familiar with the government application process. Utilize applicable websites and seek assistance from your college career center.
There are a large number of specialized agencies within the federal government. Do extensive research to find the area that best fits your interests.
Earn a graduate degree to qualify for more job opportunities.

Regional and Urban Planning

Transportation
Demography
Housing
Community Development
Historic Preservation
Urban Design
Urban Renewal
Environmental/Regulatory Issues
Economic Development
Land Use
Research Design
Program Development

Federal, state, and local government
Architecture firms
Engineering firms
Local planning agencies
Real estate and development contractors
Investment companies
Transportation agencies
Zoning administration
Utility companies
Non-profit organizations
Historical restoration or preservation agencies
Neighborhood revitalization initiatives
International development organizations

Enhance curriculum with courses in business, social sciences, and statistics.
Earn a graduate degree in urban or regional planning from an accredited planning program.
Gain experience through internships with employers of interest.
Develop strong computer skills.
Learn another language to communicate with diverse community members or to work abroad.
Plan to work corroboratively with a wide array of professionals and local citizens.
Understand that most planners work for local governments.

Nonprofit

Administration/Management
Fund Raising/Development
Public Relations
Policy Analysis
Research
Grant Writing
Community Development
Advocacy
Programming
Direct Service:
- Counseling Case
- Management

Community service agencies
Advocacy groups
Federal, state, and local government
United Way agencies
Religiously-affiliated service organizations
Private foundations
Adoption and child care agencies
Nursing homes and retirement communities
Hospitals and wellness centers
Halfway houses
Vocational services
Educational information services

Gain experience and develop helping skills through volunteer positions.
Spend summers working at camps, The Y, or other social service agencies.
Work with diverse populations to get exposure to multi-cultural issues. Learn a second language in order to interact with non-English speakers and increase marketability.
Develop excellent communication skills. Concentrate course work in an area of interest such as youth, gerontology, or poverty.
Serve as a peer mentor, resident assistant, or other student leader.
Investigate term of service or service corps positions as a way to gain entry into the field.
Earn a master’s degree in social work, counseling, or other related field to increase employment opportunities.
Most states require licensure or certification for positions involving the direct provision of therapeutic services to clients.
Research organizations’ values to find a good fit with yours. Become knowledgeable about and committed to the work you plan to do.

Business

Real Estate:
- Construction
- Management
- Development
- Sales
- Leasing
Management
Sales
Human Resources
Underwriting and Claims Management

Real estate firms
Rental properties
Construction and development companies
Insurance firms
Retail stores
Banks
Staffing agencies
Manufacturing companies
Credit management companies and organizations
Service industries
Healthcare organizations

Earn a minor in business or supplement curriculum with courses in accounting, finance, and management.
Gain business experience through part-time jobs, summer work, and internships.
Develop excellent computer skills. Learn to use software applications such as spread sheets, databases, and word processing.
Hone written and oral communication skills.
Join related professional associations.
Seek leadership roles in student organizations.

Education

Teaching
Research
Administration
Student Affairs
- Student Activities
- Leadership Development
- Admissions
- Orientation
- Career Services
- Residence Life
- Multi-cultural Affairs
- Study Abroad
- International Student Services
Academic Affairs
- Academic Support Services
- Advising, Educational Advancement Programs
- Honors Programs
Library Sciences

Colleges and universities
Vocational-technical educational programs
Adult education providers

Earn a graduate degree for post-secondary teaching.
Assist a professor with research and take extra courses in research and statistics.
Develop exceptional written and oral communication and interpersonal skills.
Secure strong personal recommendations, particularly from professors, and maintain a high GPA.
Earn a master’s degree in a specialized area e.g., College Student Personnel, Higher Education Administration, or Library and Information Sciences to work in other roles at post-secondary institutions.
Seek campus leadership positions such as peer mentor, orientation leader, or resident assistant.

Social Science Research

Data Analysis
Demography
Market Research
Information Sourcing

Universities
Government agencies
Research institutes
Non-profit organizations
Private industries
Advertising and marketing firms
Consulting organizations
Information brokers
Newspapers, magazines, news agencies
Public opinion research polls

Develop exceptional quantitative, statistical, and writing skills through coursework and research projects.
Learn to use statistics software packages as well as database and spreadsheet programs.
Volunteer to help a professor with research or complete an independent study.
Gain experience working on teams.
Network with professionals working in areas of interest.
Consider earning a graduate degree in one of the social sciences, statistics, or related field to qualify for more positions.

General Information and Strategies

Urban Studies is an interdisciplinary program that draws upon fields such as sociology, economics, and political science.
Consider earning a second major or minor in another field of interest.
Many transferable skills such as analytical, organizational, research, interpersonal, computer, leadership, teamwork, and oral/written communication are associated with the urban studies degree.
Internships, part-time jobs, summer jobs, and/or volunteer experiences are critical for gaining experience and developing a career path.
An undergraduate degree is sufficient for entry-level positions in business, non-profit, and government sectors, however a graduate degree is likely to be more desirable in a competitive market.
An undergraduate degree in urban studies is good preparation for graduate or professional education in law, planning, architecture, business, public policy, social sciences, and other related fields. Research pre-requisites for graduate or professional programs of interest.
To enhance graduate or professional school opportunities, maintain a high grade point average, secure strong faculty recommendations, join student or professional organizations, and gain relevant experience outside of the classroom through work, internship, volunteer, and research opportunities.
A Ph.D. is required for teaching at four-year universities.
Conduct informational interviews with professionals working in areas of interest.

Theater

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:48:50 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Performing

Stage
Television
Radio
Motion Picture
Video

Community theaters
Regional theaters
Commercial theaters
Summer stock theaters
Dinner theaters
Children’s theaters
Repertory companies
University theater groups
Touring companies
Industrial shows
Show groups
Amusement and theme parks
Television/film studios
Radio stations
Nightclubs
Cabarets
Cruise lines
Acting conservatories
Public or community programs

Participate in acting workshops, courses, and seminars to get advice and experience and to make contacts with others in the field.
Join unions, e.g. Actors Equity Union, or actors’ guilds to stay abreast of opportunities and developments in the field.
Get as much acting experience as possible. Perform in school productions, community theater, summer stock, etc. to hone acting skills.
Pursue training through acting conservatories or mentoring from a drama coach.
Develop a wide range of skills, such as singing, dancing, or acrobatics to be more versatile.
Gain related experience by working in a college radio or television station.
Consider getting modeling experience.
Learn a foreign language and train with a dialect coach.
Prepare a professional resume that lists your acting experience. Have your resume attached to or printed on the reverse side of an 8″ x 10″ photograph of yourself.
Be prepared to make the rounds. Distribute your resume to numerous agencies and offices. Follow up with several personal visits.
Secure an agent or manager to help find jobs.
Be aware that more opportunities exist in large cities such as New York and Los Angeles.
Learn about the entertainment industry as a whole.
Take courses on entertainment law, business, management, etc.
An extensive network of contacts is essential. Get to know people working in your field and related areas.
Consider whether you want to pursue acting as a full-time job or as an avocational interest.

Directing

Direction
Technical Direction
Casting
Set Design
Stage Management
Support Staff

Theaters of varying types
Television and motion picture studios
Video production companies
Other performance venues

Seek formal training and experience in acting first.
Develop leadership skills through participation in campus and community organizations.
Gain both directing and technical experience by participating in college productions. Gain technical experiences in local theaters.
Participate in the Director’s Guild Training Program.
Volunteer with directors in local theaters to become familiar with the environment. Serving as an assistant is a great way to get started in this area.
Experience with fund-raising is important. Volunteer to do this with local theaters and arts councils.
Learn what types of permits and insurance are needed to film or perform in certain areas.

Behind the Scenes

Stage Management
Stage Director
Set Design/Construction
Property Design
Lighting Design
Sound Design
Costume Design
Camera Operation
Hair/Make-up
Special Effects
Wardrobe
Prop Management
Broadcast Technology
Riggers
Electricians
Carpenter/Scenic Artist

Community theaters
Regional theaters
Commercial theaters
Summer stock theaters
Dinner theaters
Children’s theaters
Repertory companies
University theater groups
Touring companies
Industrial shows
Show groups
Amusement and theme parks
Television/film studios
Radio stations
Nightclubs
Cabarets
Cruise lines
Acting conservatories
Public or community programs

Learn to work well on a team.
Develop a sense of artistry and creativity.
Become involved in the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE). This organization can give you information about becoming an apprentice as well as help you make valuable contacts.
Get experience. Offer your services to school and local theaters.
Read industry magazines and books to learn about your area.
For sound design: Become familiar with computer technology as digital sound effects and electronic music replace traditional means of sound design.
Take courses in computers, math, and physics.
For costume design: Supplement your program with courses in art history and fashion design.
For set design: Take courses in architecture and design.
Learn about different eras in history in order to recreate on stage. A basic knowledge of history and architecture is helpful.

Writing

Scriptwriting
Playwriting
Screenwriting
Journalism
Publicity (Press Agents)
Research

Theaters
Television/film studios
Television stations
Radio stations
Video production companies
Magazines
Newspapers
Freelance

Take courses in English and journalism to hone writing skills.
Review plays, movies, and TV shows for school or local newspaper.
Get as much writing experience as possible. Write for the college newspaper, enter playwriting contests, etc.
See many different productions and shows. Read a variety of scripts to see how they are developed.
Gain experience as a freelance writer or editor in other employment settings.
Learn how to film shoot because screenwriters will typically “shoot script” in which a synopsis of a story is prepared so directors can make recommendations.
Theatrical press agents publicize and promote theatrical productions. They write press releases and arrange press conferences and other media events. Take courses in related areas such as public relations, advertising, and business to prepare for this field.
Reporters spend time on the set absorbing everything. They interview actors as well as craftspeople.
Researchers gather information for movie writers.
They may also track down photographs or historical documents to make the film more authentic.

Business

Producing
Management
Agents
Marketing and Advertising
Fundraising and Development
Coordination of Volunteers
Administration of Arts Programs
Box Office Sales
Promotions

Theaters
Arts councils
Television/film studios
Broadway
Road company productions
Regional theaters
Stock productions
Dinner theaters
Cabarets

Secretarial/clerical positions in theaters and studios are often stepping-stones to other positions and a good way to make contacts.
Gain undergraduate training in business, public relations, communications, advertising, and theater.
Complete an internship in area of interest.
Develop skills in leadership, negotiation, budgeting, and fundraising.
Get as much experience on the college and local level as possible to develop a strong resume.

Education

Private Instruction
Teaching
Research

Public and private schools, K-12
Colleges and universities
Performing arts centers
Various types of theater
Freelance

For K-12, obtain certification for the state in which you wish to teach. Obtain dual certification for more teaching opportunities.
Get experience in various areas of theater and working with young people.
Obtain a graduate degree to teach on the college level.
Develop one or two areas of expertise within theater arts.
Join the National Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts or the Association for Theater in Higher Education.

General Information and Strategies

Complete an internship or an apprenticeship with a local theater. Participate in summer stock. Gain as much experience as possible.
Network: Talk with people working in the field to find out about jobs and opportunities. Join professional groups to make contacts.
Read newspapers and periodicals related to the theater to keep up with new developments. Read the “trades”–magazines and newspapers that report events in the entertainment industry. Read the “Theater” section of daily newspapers to find out about upcoming productions.
Join a relevant union or guild to be eligible for work assignments.
Get your foot in the door and get involved with productions any way you can. Be prepared to do various tasks assigned by stage managers or producers.
Volunteer with fundraising efforts for the arts.
Be aware of scams. Check out the legitimacy of agencies and companies before paying any fees.
Be prepared to move to a metropolitan area where more opportunities exist.
A career in the arts takes patience, dedication, and luck!
Have a back-up plan. Be aware that actors and directors may face frequent and long periods of unemployment. Develop skills that qualify you for other jobs while you wait for opportunities. Consider pairing theater with another career interest or major to open up more career possibilities.
Theater helps students develop verbal and written communication, public speaking, and teamwork skills. These transferable skills are valued by many types of employers. In particular, positions in sales, marketing, management, and public relations may be open to students with theater degrees.
There are many ways to be involved in theater arts while working in another career field if you choose not to pursue theater as your way to make a living.

Statistics

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:48:30 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Government

Scientific Research:
- Design Surveys
- Implement Experiments
- Collect, Process, and Analyze Data
- Interpret Results
Areas Include:
- Census
- Ecology
- Forestry
- Government Regulation
- Law
- National Defense
- Public Health
- Population Research
- Risk Assessment

Federal government including:

Bureau of Labor Statistics
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Census Bureau
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research
Department of Health and Human Services
Environmental Protection Agency
Food and Drug Administration
National Institutes of Health
National Science Foundation
National Institute of Standards and Technology
National Security Agency
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Office of Naval Research
Army Research Office
State and local government

Approximately 20% of statisticians work for the federal government, and they are found in nearly all agencies and departments. An additional 10% work in state and local governments.
Plan to earn a master’s or doctoral degree to qualify for most “statistician” jobs.
Some positions are available for students with bachelor’s degrees in statistics.
Develop a strong background in computers because they are used extensively for statistical applications.
Complete an internship with a government organization.
Learn about the government hiring process and plan to apply early. Research special hiring authorizations to be hired and promoted more quickly.

Business and Industry

Quality Control
Reliability
Product Testing
Product Development and Improvement
Management of Assets and Liabilities
Risk Assessment
Financial Planning
Market Research
Management
Research
Engineering Applications
Data Processing Services
Purchasing
Technical Writing

Manufacturers
Pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms
Communications industry
Consumer marking firms
Consulting firms
Research centers and laboratories
Utility companies
Environmental clean-up firms
Software developers
Engineering firms
Transportation companies
Financial institutions
Insurance companies
Nonprofit organizations

Take a well-rounded selection of business and computer courses.
Plan to earn a master’s or doctoral degree for higher level positions.
Gain relevant experience through internships.
Develop a strong background in computers because they are used extensively for statistical applications.
Learn to work well both independently and on interdisciplinary teams.
Develop the ability to communicate statistical aspects of business decisions to a wide array of people.

Health and Medicine

Biomedical Research
Biostatistics
Clinical Trials
Epidemiology
Genetics
Pharmacology
Public Health
Animal Health
Health Economics
Technical Writing

Pharmaceutical companies
Biotechnology firms
Hospitals
National laboratories
Government agencies such as:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Food and Drug Administration
- National Institutes of Health
Research universities
Animal health industry
Scientific journals

Supplement curriculum with courses such as biology, chemistry, biostatistics, and other natural sciences.
Learn to work well on interdisciplinary teams.
Complete a relevant internship.
Develop strong written and verbal communication skills. Statisticians in this field may frequently write technical reports.

Insurance

Actuary Science
Risk Management/Assessment
Loss Management/Control
Underwriting

Insurance carriers
Insurance agents and brokers
Professional, scientific, and technical consulting firms
Government agencies

Take additional courses in mathematics and finance.
Complete an internship with an insurance agency to gain relevant experience.
Talk to professionals in the industry to learn more about claims, underwriting, and risk management.
Many entry-level positions exist in these areas.
Develop strong communication skills, as many positions require interaction with others and the ability to explain information clearly and concisely.
Learn how to use statistical analysis software and various computer programming languages.
More than half of actuaries work for insurance carriers.
Plan to take a series of actuarial exams to gain licensure from either the Society of Actuaries or the Casualty Actuarial Society. The type of insurance you deal with will determine which path to pursue. Most actuaries take these exams while working full-time, and the process takes several years.

Operations Management

Operations Research Analysis:
- Business strategy
- Facilities layout
- Inventory control
- Personnel scheduling
Production Management:
- Line supervision
- Manufacturing management
- Production planning
- Quality assurance
Materials Management:
- Purchasing/buying
- Traffic management
- Inventory management

Manufacturers
Industrial organizations
Service organizations

Develop strong analytical skills and a logical approach to problem solving.
Take additional courses in management.
Acquire skills in budgeting and cost management.
Learn to manage multiple situations and problems.
Learn to communicate effectively with different types of people in various functional areas.
Earn an MBA to reach higher levels of operations management.

Banking and Finance

Corporate and Consumer Credit Analysis
Commercial Lending
Trust Management
Capital Services and Mergers and Acquisitions
Mortgage Loans
Originations and Packaging
Branch Management
Operations
Cash Management
Credit Scoring and Risk Management
Private Banking
Financial Analysis
Investment Banking

Commercial banks
Credit unions
Savings and loan associations
Savings banks
Mortgage banks
Captive finance companies
Regulatory agencies including:
- Federal Reserve
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
- Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)
- Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS)
Brokerage firms

Build a solid background in business including marketing, finance, and accounting.
Gain experience through part-time, summer or internship positions in a financial service firm.
Develop strong interpersonal and communication skills in order to work well with a diverse clientele.
Plan to earn an MBA to enter investment banking.

Education

Teaching
Research

Colleges and universities

Plan to earn a doctoral degree.
Maintain a high undergraduate GPA and secure strong recommendations from faculty.
Volunteer to assist a faculty member with his or her research or find a part-time job as a research assistant.

General Information and Strategies

Statistics can be used in a wide variety of fields within science, technology, business, health, and social sciences. Gain knowledge in a specific field of interest to pair with skills in statistics, math, and computers.
Most “statistician” and upper level research jobs in either government or industry will require at least a master’s degree.
An undergraduate degree in statistics can be used in a variety of business settings if combined with relevant experience and skills. Choose concentrations or minors that will enhance a degree in statistics. Take courses in forecasting and applied time series which are particularly sought after by employers. Plan to complete one or more internships in an area of interest.
Some positions in business, such as sales and management, are open to any major. Seek experiences and build skills that will help you prepare for these jobs.
Strong communication skills are critical in the field of statistics in order to communicate statistical information clearly to people who do not have technical backgrounds.
Get involved with campus organizations to build leadership and teamwork skills.
Conduct informational interviews with professionals in fields of interest to learn more about their work and to build a network of contacts.
To prepare for graduate school, maintain a high grade point average and secure strong faculty recommendations. Statistics can be a good preparation for graduate degrees in other fields such as law, business, or public health.

Sport Management

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:48:08 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Amateur Athletics

Sport Management Related To:
- Olympic
- Intercollegiate
- High School
- Youth
Athletic Administration
Coaching
Recruiting
Student-Athlete Affairs
Compliance
Sport Information
Operations
Facilities Management
Equipment Management
Ticketing and Sales
Public Relations
Marketing
Sponsorship Sales
Fundraising/Development
Hospitality Management
Bowls and Special Events
Sport Governance

Colleges and universities
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Conference offices, e.g. SEC, ACC
National sport governing bodies
State governing bodies
Regional sport commissions
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
United States Olympic Committee (USOC)
High schools
National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS)
Training centers
Youth sport organizations, e.g. Little League Baseball
YMCA’s, YWCA’s
Sport related franchises, e.g. My Gym
Sport camps

Gain experience working with youth, e.g. volunteer or work at sport and recreation camps.
Coach youth sport teams or assist with high school teams.
Get involved with college sport teams, intramural leagues, or campus recreational programs.
Seek leadership roles in campus organizations. Serve as a peer advisor, tutor, resident assistant, etc.
Build relationships on campus with coaches and athletic administrators.
Gain relevant experience through practica and internships.
Be prepared to work long and irregular hours.
Plan to earn a master’s degree in sport management, business, or college student personnel for more opportunities and advancement. Work as a graduate assistant (GA) in the athletic department.

Facilities and Event Management

Facility Management
Facility/Field Maintenance
Field Preparation and Conversion
Ticket Sales and Seating Management
Marketing and Advertising
Event Planning and Management
Food Services and Concessions
Design and Development

Stadiums
Arenas
Golf courses
Tracks
Convention and visitors bureaus
Industry suppliers, e.g. Aramark
Local tournaments and festivals
Recreational facilities
City parks and recreation departments
Individual teams

Find a job managing facilities or fields on campus.
Work in the university center or union.
Get involved in organizations responsible for bringing cultural attractions and entertainers to campus for exposure to contracts, negotiating, and making arrangements.
Gain event planning experience by serving as the events coordinator or social chair with a student organization.
Work part-time or summer jobs in conference and convention centers, hotels, or local attractions.
Volunteer to work on community events, e.g. local races or festivals.
To succeed in this area, demonstrate skills in negotiating, business management, organization, budgeting, and marketing.
Research requirements for the Certified Facility Manager (CFM) credential.

Professional Teams and Leagues

Management of:
- Football, Baseball, Basketball, Hockey, Golf,
- Tennis, Racing, Motor Sports, Soccer, and
- Emerging Sports
Player Personnel, such as:
- General Management
- Coaching
- Scouting
- Community Relations
Business Operations such as:
- Marketing and Promotions
- Ticketing and Sales
- Public Relations
- Sponsorship Sales
- Suite Sales
Stadium Operations such as:
- Food and Concession
- Guest Services/Suite Services
- Parking
Sport Information
Professional Services
Player Agency and Representation

Professional leagues including:
- National Football League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Major League Soccer, Arena Football League, National Hockey League, Women’s National Basketball Association
Motor sport organizations, including:
- National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR), Indy Racing League, National Hot Rod Association, individual race teams
Sport associations including:
- PGA Tour, LPGA Tour, Senior PGA Tour, Nike Tour, United States Tennis Association
Professional player associations and unions, e.g. Major League Baseball Players Association, Professional Hockey Players’ Association
Player alumni associations
Professional minor leagues including:
- AAA, AA, A baseball leagues, Arena Football 2, American Basketball Association
Individual franchises
Sport marketing firms
Management firms
Sport marketing departments in large corporations, e.g. Anheuser-Busch or AT&T
Law firms focusing on sport and entertainment

Plan to earn a graduate degree in sport management, business, or related area and acquire relevant experience in order to work in professional sports.
Be willing to relocate to larger cities where the teams are situated.
These positions are among the most competitive in the industry. Gain as much experience as possible and be willing to enter into the field in the minor leagues or in lower positions.
Demonstrate enthusiasm, energy, and a willingness to work long or irregular hours.
Look for ways to get experience in sales and marketing as these are important skills to develop.
Earn a law degree and develop skills in investment management and negotiation to represent players as an agent. Research requirements for union franchises, licenses, or registrations to work in this field.

Sports Merchandising

Product Development
Product Distribution
Sales and Marketing
Brand/Product Representation
Store Management
Internet Sales

Sport equipment and supply industry, e.g. Wilson, Spalding, Adidas
Exercise equipment manufacturers
Sport and recreation retailers
Sporting Goods Manufacturer’s Association

Work in retail stores that sell sport or recreational merchandise or in campus recreation facilities that rent equipment to students.
Gain sales experience through part-time or summer jobs and internships.
Volunteer as a team equipment manager.
Make contact with college equipment or uniform representatives.
Develop strong communication skills and learn how to build interpersonal relationships.

Leisure and Fitness

Programming
Management and Administration
Facilities/Equipment Management
Operations
Travel Planning
Event Planning
Instruction
Sales and Marketing

Ski resorts
Tennis and golf clubs/resorts
Health and fitness clubs
Country clubs
Racquet clubs
Executive fitness centers
Major health spas
Hotels
Parks
Recreational facilities
Hospitality and travel industry
YMCA and YWCA
Related nonprofit organizations, e.g. Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs of America, Special Olympics
Sport related museums and attractions

Gain relevant experience through part-time or summer jobs or internships.
Work in campus recreation and fitness facilities.
Spend summers as an outdoor guide or tour guide.
Get involved in campus recreational organizations.
Volunteer to plan and lead outings or trips.
Maintain excellent personal fitness and athletic proficiency.
Develop strong communication skills and learn to work well with a variety of people.

Sport Media

Journalism
Broadcasting
Photojournalism
Sport Information
Advertising Sales

Newspapers
Television
Radio
Cable
Magazines
Special interest sport publications
Internet sites

Supplement a major in sport management with journalism and broadcasting classes. Earn a double major or minor if possible.
Complete an internship or work part-time at a newspaper or radio/television station.
Publish as much as possible in college and local newspapers. Work as a sport writer or photographer on campus.
Volunteer at the campus radio or television station.
Create a portfolio of published work, articles, and photographs or an online portfolio highlighting digital media skills.
Plan to start career in small markets and be willing to relocate to work into major markets.
Develop a solid command of sports, the ability to interview people, and excellent communication skills.

General Information and Strategies

The field of sport management is extremely competitive. Candidates must be willing to start at the bottom and work their way up.
Gain as much hands-on experience in the industry as possible through practica, internships, and volunteer positions. As a student, be willing to work for no pay in order to gain the necessary experience.
Once an area of interest is identified, find ways to gain experience and skills particular to that field.
Learn to work well on a team and learn how to get along with different personality types.
Develop strong skills in sales and marketing as these are critical in many aspects of sport management.
Demonstrate energy, enthusiasm, and a strong work ethic. Be prepared to work long and irregular hours, including weekends and holidays.
Build relationships with coaches, athletic directors, college equipment/uniform representatives, and student athletes. Networking is a very important skill to develop in this field and can lead to job opportunities.
Join relevant professional associations; attend their conferences and read their journals.
Earn a graduate or law degree in areas such as sport management, law, business, or college student personal for increased opportunities.
Sport management majors often find work in other areas and industries, particularly in sales and management.

Sociology

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:47:37 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Human Services

Direct Care:
- Counseling
- Case Management
- Mental Health Services
- Crisis Work
- Community Organizing
Administration:
- Advocacy
- Programming
- Community Relations
- Development/Fund Raising

Federal, state, and local government
Advocacy groups
Religiously-affiliated organizations
Non-profit agencies
Community service organizations
Private foundations
Adoption and child care agencies
Nursing homes and retirement communities
Residential treatment facilities
Hospitals and wellness centers
Halfway houses
Correctional facilities
Vocational services
Educational information services
Insurance companies

Concentrate course work in an area of interest such as youth, gerontology, or poverty.
Understand goals and missions of social service work.
Develop helping skills through volunteer positions.
Spend summers working at camps, YMCA’s, or other social service agencies.
Serve as a Peer Mentor, Resident Assistant, or other student leader.
Gain experience with diverse populations.
Develop excellent communication skills.
Learn a second language in order to interact with non-English speakers and increase marketability.
Relate your background to what the employer needs. Earn a master’s degree in social work, counseling, or other related field to increase employment opportunities.
Most states require licensure or certification for positions involving the direct provision of therapeutic services to clients.

Criminal Justice

Court Reporting
Court Administration
Law Enforcement
Corrections
Probation and Parole
Rehabilitation
Prevention Programming
Victim Services
Forensics
Investigation
Security
Loss Prevention/Asset Protection

City/County Government Organizations including:
- Police departments
- Correction facilities
- County sheriff departments
- Liquor Control Commission
- Animal control offices
State Government Organizations including:
- State troopers
- Crime labs
- Penitentiaries
Federal Government Organizations including:
- U.S. Customs and Border Protection
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
- Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Department of Homeland Security
- Postal Service
- Federal Marshals
- Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- National Parks Service
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
- Armed services
Prisons
Detention centers
Youth corrections facilities
Airports and other transportation facilities
Crime laboratories
Colleges and universities
Banks

Choose criminal justice courses or concentration in sociology.
Attend a post-secondary vocational or technical college that offers court reporting certification programs.
Volunteer to work with at-risk youth and families.
Gain experience working with diverse populations.
Complete a formal police academy program upon graduation.
Consider obtaining experience in a branch of the military.
For forensics, take a significant number of science classes and plan to earn a master’s degree in forensic science or related discipline.
Become familiar with the government application process and seek assistance from the campus career center.
Learn a second language for increased marketability.

Law

Prosecution
Defense
Contractual
Corporate
Nonprofit or Public Interest
Government
Mediation
Lobbying
Law Assistance

Law firms
Federal, state and local government
Corporations
Public interest organizations
Private practice
Colleges and universities

Supplement curriculum with classes that help prepare students for the rigors of law school.
Participate in a debate or forensic team to hone communication skills.
Develop strong research skills and attention to detail.
Gain experience with mediation and conflict resolution.
Get involved with pre-law organizations.
Obtain a summer or part-time job in a law firm.
Plan to shadow an attorney to learn more about the field and various specialties. Look for ways to get experience in field of interest, e.g. sports, juvenile justice, environment, etc.
Attend law school and earn a JD from a school accredited by the American Bar Association to become an attorney. Maintain an excellent grade point average and secure strong faculty recommendations to gain law school admittance. Plan to take the LSAT.
Complete a certificate program to prepare for paralegal positions.

Education

K-12:
- Teaching (Elementary, Middle, Secondary)
- School Counseling
- Administration
Higher Education:
- Teaching
- Research
- Administration
- Student Affairs
- Information/Library Services

K-12 schools, public and private
Boards of education
Four-year colleges and universities
Two-year and community colleges
Technical schools
Medical and professional schools

Complete a college level teacher preparation program to teach in the public school system.
Obtain teaching certificate/license for desired subject area and/or grade level. Requirements for certification/licensure vary by state.
Gain multiple certifications to increase employability.
Private schools may not require certification or licensure. Obtain master’s degree in subject area for increased employability.
A master’s degree in school counseling and appropriate certification are required to practice counseling in the schools.
Earn Ph.D. to teach and research at four-year institutions. Master’s or Ph.D. degree is required to teach at two-year schools.
Participate in research as an undergraduate. Take research coursework, become involved with faculty research, get to know graduate students.
Join appropriate professional organization and attend conferences as a student.
Obtain a master’s degree in student personnel, student development, counseling, or library/information sciences for student affairs and librarian positions.
Gain related experience on campus through student leadership opportunities such as Peer Mentors, Resident Assistants, or Orientation Leaders.

Government

Social Statistics
Program Analysis
Demography
Public Administration
Policy Analysis
Research
Program Development
City Planning

Federal government:
- There are over 170 federal departments and
  agencies
State and local governments

Supplement curriculum with coursework in statistics and social research.
Develop exceptional computer, communication, and research skills.
Gain work experience via government internships, part-time jobs, or summer work.
Develop a specialty such as aging, family, criminal justice, or healthcare.
Seek leadership roles in relevant student groups.
Become involved in student government.
Participate in cross-cultural organizations. Interact with the international community on campus.
Research government agencies and identify federal job titles that are right for your combination of education and experience.
Maintain a strong grade point average.
Obtain a graduate degree for advanced positions.
Learn the federal job application process and seek assistance from campus career centers.
Consider beginning a career with the government by joining the military or Peace Corps. Such experiences can open doors to government positions.

Social Science Research

Research
Data Analysis
Policy or Program Analysis
Demographics
Market Research
Information Sourcing

Universities
Government agencies
Research institutes
Non-profit agencies
Private industries
Advertising and marketing firms
Consulting firms
Information brokers
Newspapers, magazines, news agencies
Public opinion research polls

Develop exceptional quantitative, statistical, writing, and organizational skills.
Learn to use statistical software packages as well as database, spreadsheet, and presentation programs.
Volunteer to help a professor with a research project or complete original research through an independent study class.
Develop an area of expertise through relevant experience, coursework, or advanced degree.
Obtain an advanced degree in sociology for research administration positions.
Earn certification in applied social research by The American Sociological Association.
Network with professionals working in areas of interest.
Gain experience working on teams and communicating ideas with others from varying disciplines

Business

Human Resources
- Training and Development
- Recruiting
Management
Sales
Marketing
Public Relations
Office Administration

Insurance firms
Retail stores
Banks
Staffing agencies
Manufacturing companies
Service industries
Non-profit organizations
Healthcare organizations
Government
Education

Supplement curriculum with appropriate coursework (accounting, finance, management, etc.) or earn a minor in business or communications.
Gain relevant experience through part-time jobs, summer work, and internships.
Learn to use software applications such as spreadsheets, databases, and presentations.
Hone written and oral communication skills.
Join related professional associations.
Seek leadership roles on campus.
Be willing to start in a management-trainee program or other entry-level positions.
When job searching, seek employers interested in hiring “any major.”
Understand the top skills employers desire and be prepared to demonstrate them, such as communication (oral and written), computer, interpersonal, leadership and teamwork, etc.

Environmental Sociology

Land and Water Conservation
Planning
Law
Preserve Management
Natural Resource Management
Land Acquisition
Parks and Outdoor Recreation
Environmental Education
Advocacy/Lobbying
Administration and Management
Recreation Planning
Research
Site Operations and Maintenance
Ecotourism

Waste management firms
Health agencies
Local planning agencies
Environmental advocacy groups
Non-profit organizations
Local, state, and federal government agencies
National Park Service
State, county, or city parks
Consulting firms
Private industry
Media companies
Environmental periodicals
Resorts and marinas
Privately owned facilities
Tourism agencies
Land trust organizations such as The Nature Conservancy or Trust for Public Land

Enhance curriculum with courses in ecology, environmental science, and statistics.
Choose a minor or concentration in environmental studies or issues.
Join environment-related student organizations.
Volunteer to work on environmental clean-up projects with an organization such as Student Conservation Association (SCA).
Find a related internship, part-time, or summer job.
Obtain a graduate degree or law degree for advancement or to work in specific areas.
Obtain legal, real estate, and financial skills through coursework, internships, or part-time jobs.
Participate in travel and/or recreation programs.
Learn environmental laws and regulations.
Join professional associations and environmental groups as ways to network.

General Information and Strategies

Many transferable skills such as analytical, organizational, research, interpersonal, computer, leadership, teamwork, and oral/written communication are associated with the sociology degree.
Internships, part-time jobs, summer jobs, and/or volunteer experiences are critical to reaching career goals. Research fields of interests and gain the right skills, experiences, and advanced degrees (if necessary).
An undergraduate degree is sufficient for many entry-level positions in non-profit organizations, business, and government.
An bachelor’s in sociology prepares students for graduate or professional education in sociology, law, counseling, psychology, social work, medicine, education, college student personnel, higher education administration, planning, and other related fields. Research pre-requisites for graduate or professional programs of interest.
To enhance graduate or professional school opportunities, maintain a high grade point average, secure strong faculty recommendations, join student or professional organizations, and gain relevant experience outside of the classroom through work, internship, volunteer, and research opportunities.
Get involved with a population of interest (i.e., children, college students, elderly adults) and develop multicultural sensitivity and understanding.
Talk with professionals working in areas of interest and build a network of contacts.

Social Work

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:47:18 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Public Welfare

Administration and Planning
Case Management
Program Evaluation
Policy Development
Research

Public welfare agencies
Private social service agencies
Local, state, and federal government including:
- Department of Human Services
- Department of Education
- Veterans Administration
- Indian Health Services
- Administrative agencies
- Job Corps
- Head Start
- State legislatures

Public welfare is designed to provide services and support for poor, disabled, ill, elderly, or juvenile clients.
Volunteer at homeless shelters, soup kitchens, battered women homes, literacy programs, or other social service agencies to get experience.
Four out of ten social workers work for the government.
Learn about the government application process and apply early as the process can take at least four to six months.
Complete an internship with the federal government.

Criminal/Justice Corrections

Counseling/Therapy
Rehabilitation
Probation
Parole
Youth Services
Victim Assistance
Drug Prevention

Prisons and correctional facilities
Courts
Police departments
Probation offices
Victim services organizations
Private treatment facilities

Social workers in corrections focus on rehabilitation of clients.
Obtain experience by volunteering at a corrections facility or victims’ program such as a rape crisis center.
Gain experience as a juvenile probation officer; many states allow reputable citizens to serve as volunteer officers.

School Social Work

Counseling
Case Management
Pupil Personnel Services
Student Advocacy
Instruction
Assessment
Referral

Elementary and secondary schools
School districts
Head start centers
Early intervention programs

School systems may employ social workers to help students cope with and resolve emotional, developmental, or educational difficulties.
Gain experience with children at daycare centers, camps, Boys and Girls Clubs, and the like.
Volunteer with organizations like Big Brothers Big Sisters.
Must obtain state certification for work in a school.
Check with each state to learn about requirements.

Clinical

Therapy
Assessment
Case Management

Community mental health centers
Psychiatric hospitals
Behavioral health systems
Drug/alcohol rehabilitation centers
Residential and day treatment hospitals
Employee assistance programs
Schools
Family service agencies
Private practice

Clinical social workers are found in a variety of settings that provide therapeutic counseling to clients.
Master of Social Work (MSW) is required.
Obtain licensure as an LCSW since many employers require licensure to practice.

Administration

Management
Policy Development
Planning
Supervision
Fundraising
Budgeting
Grant Writing

Family service agencies
Child welfare departments
Social service agencies
State mental health departments
Employee assistance programs
Probation departments
Public welfare agencies
Public interest groups
Local, state, and federal government
Residential and outpatient hospitals/treatment centers

Administrators are involved with planning, budgeting, public relations, marketing, supervising, operations management, fund raising, and other crucial responsibilities that keep an organization functioning.
Obtain an MSW and gain management experience.
Consider a minor in business during undergraduate education.

Research and Education

Research
Teaching
Grant Writing
Supervision

Colleges and universities
Research institutes
Research hospitals
Local, state, and federal government
Advocacy organizations

Research provides data and statistics important in program implementation and policy development.
Doctor of Social Work (DSW) or Ph.D. usually required. Some teaching and administration positions may be available to MSW’s.
Gain research experience as an undergraduate by assisting professors with their work.

Vocational

Counseling
Education
Wellness Promotion
Organizational Development
Assessment
Human Resources

Larger corporations
Employee assistance programs
Labor unions
Local, state, and federal government:
- Department of Labor
Community agencies

Occupational social workers help employees to be more productive and satisfied.
Gain experience in a university or community career center while in school.
Earn a relevant certification such as Certified Employee Assistance Professional or Global Career Development Facilitator.

Healthcare

Case Management
Counseling
Prevention and Education
Program Development
Administration
Research
Child Life Specialists
Hospice Care

Hospitals
Community health centers
Outpatient clinics
Public health programs
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
Nursing homes
Group homes
Hospice
Veterans Administration hospitals
Home healthcare agencies

Social workers in healthcare facilitate medical and emotional treatment of patients. They may focus on helping clients and their families cope with acute or terminal illnesses by providing psychosocial support.
Choose volunteer settings such as hospitals, the American Red Cross, or AIDS agencies to get experience.
Gain membership in the Association of Oncology Social Work or other relevant associations.

Community Organization

Program and Community Development
Advocacy
Politics
Education
Planning

Advocacy organizations
Development corporations
Community centers
Local, state, and federal government
Associations

Social workers in this area work with existing organizations to improve conditions for specific groups, enhance quality of living, and involve community members in the political process.
Get involved with grassroots causes and community agencies.
Participate in local government and gain knowledge about city planning.

Gerontology

Advocacy/Intervention
Counseling
Case Management
Programming
Public Policy
Administration

Hospitals
Nursing homes
Senior centers
Assisted living
Hospice
Home healthcare agencies

Gerontology involves working with older adults, healthy or ill, and their families.
Get involved with programs or organizations designed for senior citizens.
Join the American Society on Aging.
Gain Social Work credentials oriented toward gerontology.

Child Welfare

Case Management
Advocacy
Intervention
Supervision

Local, state, and federal government including:
- Department of Children’s Services
Public and private child welfare agencies
Adoption agencies
Foster care organizations
Child daycare

Child welfare social workers strive to ensure the safety and well-being of children through treatment of the whole family.
Volunteer at daycares, child shelters, camps, YMCA, Scouts, or other agencies that aid youth.
Gain licensure as a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) after graduating from a master’s program in Social Work.

Developmental Disabilities

Case Management
Program Planning and Evaluation
Research
Policy Development

Community residential homes
State and local agencies
Medical facilities
Schools
Colleges and universities

Social workers in this area help people with disabilities to adjust and to lead productive lives.
Volunteer at camps for people with disabilities, daycares, schools, or hospitals to gain experience.

International Social Work

Humanitarian Services
Advocacy
Education
Wellness Promotion
Development: Economic and Community
Disaster/Disease Relief
Volunteer Coordination
Program Administration
Clinical Practice
Policy Development
Research

International Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGOs) such as United Nations Economic and Social Council and the World Health Organization
International Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Federal government agencies with an international focus, e.g. Peace Corps and United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Country-based service agencies
International aid and relief organizations
Foundation programs
Nonprofit and not-for-profit organizations, .e.g. Vital Voices or Habitat for Humanity
Private voluntary organizations
Humanitarian organizations, e.g. International Red Cross and CARE
Religious organizations, e.g. World Vision
Multi-national corporations

Social workers in the international arena identify social problems, make recommendations for social programs and implement change. They work on solutions to problems including educational, environmental, health, human rights injustices, business and agricultural.
Learn one or more foreign languages.
Plan to study, volunteer, or intern abroad more than one time if possible.
Seek cultural experiences on campus and get involved with the international student population.
Join relevant student organizations such as Amnesty International and gain leadership roles.
Participate in an international service learning experience or go on a mission trip.
Learn about federal job hiring procedures, and apply for a government internship to increase chances of finding a full-time position.
Research the international organization’s/agency’s structure and function.
Develop good working knowledge of international humanitarian law.
Demonstrate your depth of dedication, willingness to adapt, and coping mechanisms to combat stress and difficult situations.
Develop skills in the areas of organizing groups, efficiency, and the ability to calm people.
Consider earning a graduate degree in Social Work or related area to open more advanced job opportunities.

General Information and Strategies

Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) prepares individuals for entry-level direct practice.
Master of Social Work (MSW) is necessary to provide therapy and for advancement to supervisory or administrative positions.
Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) or Ph.D. usually required for positions in teaching, research, and administration. Advanced degrees are desirable for some clinical positions and private practice.
Complete a degree from a college or university program accredited by the Council on Social Work Education. Programs include practical field experience.
Most states require licensure, certification, or registration.
The National Association of Social Workers offers many specialized credentials that Social Workers can earn. Research these options after choosing a specialty area.
The field practicum is used to determine suitability for this profession and to provide exposure to various practice settings and clients.
Candidates should possess empathy for others, an appreciation for diversity, and an interest in social change.
Social workers serve a range of client systems (individuals, families, groups, communities) as they attempt to enhance social functioning.
Social work is unique given its dual focus on the person and the environment.
Join a social work organization while in school and seek leadership positions.
Look for ways to impact your community and get involved with local organizations and issues.
Update your resume as you acquire new accomplishments, skills, knowledge, and interests.
Learn a second language to better communicate with immigrant or migrant populations (particularly helpful in certain areas of the United States).
Note: Much of this information was adapted from Choices: Careers in Social Work by the National Association of Social Workers.

Retail / Merchandising

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:46:58 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Buying/Purchasing

Product Development
Planning and Allocation

Discount stores
Mass merchants
Grocery stores
Specialty stores (e.g., clothing, home furnishings, jewelry, books, electronics, etc.)
Department stores
Grocery stores
Pharmacy retailers

Obtain sales and retail experience through part-time jobs and internships.
Prepare to work under pressure in fast-paced environments.
Develop organizational skills and attention to detail to monitor inventory and compare products, prices and markets.
Acquire analytical and mathematical skills to operate within a budget and to evaluate sales data including competitors’.
Develop excellent interpersonal and communication skills for negotiating with vendors.
Be prepared to travel frequently in order to visit markets and search for new merchandise.
Expect to work with overseas suppliers. Knowledge of languages, customs and cultures will be helpful.
Develop a competitive drive with the understanding that a buyer’s goal is to beat the sales and profit records of the previous year.
Be prepared to begin as a buyer trainee. Training periods can range from 1 to 5 years.

Sales

Industrial
Wholesale
Direct Marketing
Consumer Product
Financial Services
Services
Advertising
E-commerce
Customer Service

Profit and non-profit organizations
Product and service organizations
Manufacturers
Financial companies
Insurance companies
Print and electronic media outlets
Software and technology companies
Retail stores

Obtain a part-time job or internship in sales to gain experience, as these positions are often stepping stones to higher-level positions.
Demonstrate initiative, organization and problem solving skills.
Enjoy working with people.
A commitment to customer satisfaction is imperative.
Learn to communicate effectively with a wide-range of people. Take additional courses in interpersonal communication and public speaking.
Develop persuasion skills and extensive knowledge of merchandise for sale.
Cultivate a competitive drive to reach sales quotas and break sales records under pressure.

Management/Administration

Corporate
Regional
Store
Store Assistant
Store Department

Discount stores
Mass merchants
Grocery stores
Specialty stores
Dealerships
Department stores
Grocery stores
Pharmacy retailers

Seek retail experience through internships or part-time jobs.
Get involved in student organizations and seek leadership roles.
Be prepared to start in entry-level management trainee positions.
Learn to work well on a team and to motivate and direct others.
Develop quick decision-making, problem solving skills and communication skills to assist customers, manage employees, monitor promotions and sales goals and work with buyers.
Excellent organizational skills are necessary to oversee the daily operations of a store or a department.
Plan to work long and/or irregular hours, including holidays.

Human Resources

Recruiting/Staffing
Compensation
Benefits
Orientation/Training
Safety/Health
Employee Relations
Employee Services

Discount stores
Mass merchants
Grocery stores
Specialty stores
Department stores
Grocery stores
Pharmacy retailers

Supplement degree program with classes in psychology, sociology and human resource development.
Gain relevant experience through internships.
Develop strong verbal and written communication skills.
Learn to solve problems creatively, and build conflict resolution skills.
Develop strong computer skills, as many human resource systems are automated.
Join the Society of Human Resource Management and other related professional associations.
Seek endorsements such as the Professional Human Resource Certification (PHR).
Earn a master’s degree for career advancement or a law degree for employment law.

Small Business

Ownership
Independent Consulting

Self-employed
Companies that utilize independent consultants (e.g., Mary Kay Cosmetics, Tupperware)

Entrepreneurial spirit, including self-discipline and perseverance, are keys to success.
Develop an excellent knowledge of and belief in a particular product or service.
Supplement program with courses in accounting, advertising or computers.
Obtain extensive sales and business experience by working for a company or retailer in a related product area before launching a small business.
Build relationships with potential investors and customers.

Visual Merchandising

Department stores
Specialty stores

Demonstrate creativity and knowledge of design concepts (lighting, color, etc.); knowledge of fashion and sales trends is also helpful.
Seek retail sales experience and plan to shadow or intern with a visual merchandiser.
Supplement degree with courses on buying behavior, consumer psychology, interior design, art, fashion design and/or interior decorating.
Develop mechanical aptitude to set up displays, build props and adjust lighting.

Non-Store Retailing

E-commerce
Direct Marketing
Catalog:
- Sales, Management, Fulfillment/Distribution, Production

E-tail companies (e.g., Amazon.com, Dell.com)
Internet retailers (e.g., Spiegel, JC Penney)
Home shopping networks
Advertising agencies
Magazine, book and record companies
Internet marketing companies

Supplement program with courses in marketing, advertising or communications.
Obtain sales experience through a retail or telemarketing position.
Develop strong computer skills.

General Information and Strategies

Obtain retail experience through summer jobs, part-time jobs or internships.
Computer knowledge is crucial. Become familiar with technology related to internet sales, distribution and inventory tracking.
Join student branches of professional retailing associations. Read their publications and attend their meetings.
Maintain up-to-date knowledge of trends in retail through newspapers and magazines.
Be prepared to work holidays and weekends, typically the busiest times for retailers.
Consider developing proficiency in second or third languages to increase marketability.
Contact stores or markets of interest. Inquire about management training programs.
Most retailers promote from within the organization; therefore, management trainee programs or sales associate positions are a good way to begin.
Supplement program with courses in marketing, accounting, communications and computers.
Consider earning certifications from the National Retail Federation.
A degree in Retail/Merchandising may qualify one for career opportunities in areas of business outside of retail including marketing, finance, insurance, banking, management, etc. Determine an area of interest and build relevant skills and experiences.

Religious Studies

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:46:30 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

International Areas

Humanitarian Services
Development:
- Economic
- Community
Disaster/Disease Relief
Policy Development
Program Administration
Volunteer Coordination
Peace Keeping or Peacebuilding
Conflict Resolution/Management
Diplomacy/Faith Based Diplomacy
Public Service:
- Foreign Affairs
- International Security
International Law

International aid and relief organizations
NGO’s (Non-governmental Organizations), e.g. Amnesty International
Nonprofit and not-for-profit organizations, .e.g. Vital Voices or Habitat for Humanity
Federal government agencies with an international focus, e.g. Peace Corps, USAID and the Foreign Service (State Department)
Private voluntary organizations
Humanitarian organizations, e.g. International Red Cross and CARE
Religious organizations, e.g. World Vision
National Security Council
United Nations
Think tanks

Many international organizations value the historical and contemporary context of religions and cultures that one learns in religious studies.
Learn one or more foreign languages.
Plan to study, volunteer or intern abroad more than one time if possible.
Seek cultural experiences on campus and get involved with the international student population.
Join relevant student organizations such as Amnesty International and gain leadership roles.
Develop excellent research, writing, communication and organizational skills.
Participate in an international service learning experience or go on a mission trip.
Federal international jobs require careful observation of a formal hiring procedure. Apply for a federal government internship.
Government work in the foreign service requires passage of the Foreign Service Exam and adherence to a list of requirements.
Research the international organization/agency’s structure and function.
Volunteer at relevant local social service agencies to gain experience and demonstrate interest.
Develop good working knowledge of international humanitarian law.
Demonstrate your depth of dedication, willingness to adapt, and coping mechanisms to combat stress and difficult situations.
Develop skills in the areas of organizing groups, efficiency and the ability to calm people.
Earn a graduate degree in an area of interest to open more job opportunities. Religious studies provides a good background for a variety of graduate programs.

Education

Teaching
Research
Student Affairs Administration
Multicultural Programming
Programs/Study Abroad Administration
Library/Information Sciences
Religious Life Programming
Campus Ministry

Secondary schools
Private, public or religiously affiliated colleges and universities
Schools of theology/seminaries
Organizations such as Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Campus Crusade for Christ, Muslim Student Association, Hillel
Buddhist Monasteries, e.g. Chuang Yen Monastery

Earn a doctorate degree for teaching and research in colleges and universities. Earn a master’s degree in a relevant field for positions in student affairs administration or library/information sciences.
Earn certification/licensure to teach in public secondary schools. Choose a double major in an area such as history.
Complete Master of Divinity plus additional training for campus ministry.
Master of Divinity and Ph.D., D.Min. or Th.D. usually required for teaching, research and administration in seminaries and schools of theology.
Seek campus leadership positions such as Peer Mentor, Resident Assistant or Orientation Leader.
Volunteer to assist a faculty member with research.
Develop relationships with faculty to secure strong recommendations.
Maintain a strong grade point average to gain admittance into graduate school.
Learn to speak a second language if planning to pursue a graduate degree in religious studies. Choose a language that will be particularly relevant to your interests.

Business

Human Resources:
- Training and Development
- Recruitment
- Equity and Diversity Functions
Sales
Management

Insurance firms
Retail stores
Banks
Staffing agencies
Service industries
Other large corporations

Learn how to sell your religious studies major to business employers that value employees who understand and tolerate cultural diversity.
Double major or minor in Business.
Gain related experience through internships or summer and part-time jobs.
Get involved in relevant student organizations and seek leadership roles.
Develop good computer skills and learn how to use spreadsheet, presentation and database software.

Communications and Arts

Writing
Editing
Publishing
Television/Film
Radio
Advertising
Public Relations
Sales
Commercial Art
Website Design
Museum Work:
- Curatorship
- Exhibition Design

Secular publishing houses
Secular radio, television and film producers
Newspapers
Denominational boards/agencies
Interdenominational organizations
Denominational publishing houses of books and magazines
Local churches, synagogues and mosques
Advertising and public relation agencies
Museums
Galleries

Plan to complete one or more internships in this area to prepare for a professional job and to build a network.
Take courses in English, journalism, art history or photography depending upon interest area.
Develop excellent writing skills.
Work for the campus newspaper, radio station or tv station.
Submit articles for publication in religious and nonreligious papers and journals.
Learn desktop publishing techniques.
Obtain specialized technical training such as a double major or minor in Broadcasting or Graphic Design for work in those fields.
Develop a portfolio of writing samples.
Consider moving to larger metropolitan areas for more job opportunities and be willing to relocate often for promotions.
Consider freelance positions to work in journalism.
Earn a graduate degree to qualify for work in museums.

Social Services

Case Management
Counseling
Rehabilitation
Administration
Vocational Training
Volunteer Services
Programming
Advocacy
Crisis Services (pregnancy, housing, etc.)
Church-based Organizing/Community Development
Fundraising
Grant Writing
Law

Nonprofit and social services organizations including United Way, Red Cross, Goodwill Industries, Salvation Army, etc.
Immigrant and refugee service providers
Migrant service providers
Hospitals and hospices
Residential treatment facilities
Correctional institutions
Shelters
Nursing homes
Youth organizations and camps including YMCA, YWCA, Young Life, etc.
Churches, synagogues and mosques
Lobby agencies

Volunteer with local organizations to gain experience working with a wide variety of people from various backgrounds.
Obtain excellent interpersonal and oral and written communication skills.
Plan to earn a graduate degree in counseling, social work or psychology to provide therapy or counseling to clients.
Complete an internship or part-time job in an organization of interest to gain experience and develop contacts.
Find ways to develop fundraising and grant writing skills. These are valued by nonprofit agencies.
Learn a language such as Spanish to work with immigrant and migrant populations.
Earn a joint degree in Divinity and Law to work in legal fields related to religious freedom issues.

Religiously Affiliated Areas

Clergy and Other Religious Leaders Including:
- Buddhist, Catholic, Jewish, Protestant, Islamic, Hindu, Greek Orthodox
Vocation as Monk or Nun
Chaplaincy:
- Military
- Institutional
Mission Work:
- Church Development
- Community or Agricultural Development
- Educational
- Medical
- Metropolitan
- Evangelism
Local Ministries Including:
- Youth Ministries
- Adult Ministries
- Leisure Ministries
- Counseling/Recovery
- Religious Education
- Day Care, Children and Adult
- Food Bank/Emergency Ministries
- Family Life Center Management
Music-Oriented Ministries
Religious Camp Administration

Local churches, synagogues, mosques
Religious organizations
Religious communities, e.g. convents and monasteries
Religious retreat centers, Christian and Buddhist
Denominational boards and agencies
Monasteries
All branches of military service
Hospitals, hospices
Homes for children, youth, senior citizens
Correctional institutions
Police and fire departments
Missions boards
Local churches
Evangelical organizations e.g. Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
Religious-based camps and youth programs

Obtain general knowledge of practices, procedures, guidelines and doctrine of one’s faith.
Possess understanding of human spiritual and social needs.
Research requirements to enter leadership in the faith you want to pursue. Master of Divinity and denominational ordination are required for most clergy positions, for example.
Possess high moral and ethical standards.
Develop leadership ability and self discipline.
Obtain excellent written and verbal communication skills.
To become a chaplain, obtain ordination and two years’ service in local church or after acceptance into branch of military service, attend chaplaincy school.
Obtain any needed advanced degrees, certification or licensing in area of interest for missions.
Seek related experience by participating with missions groups.
Obtain travel and cultural experience with group of interest. Foreign language skills are a plus.
Develop fundraising skills and contacts.
People interested in religious vs. secular work possess deep faith, want more than filling one’s own personal needs and desire to make a difference.
May be more opportunities for specific ministries in urban areas and large religious institutions.
Obtain experience and contacts through extensive involvement in campus organizations or local religious institutions. Leadership on the local, state and regional level is crucial.
Seek camp experience to improve organization and counseling skills as well as network within the denominational / organizational structure.
Learn to work well with people of all different backgrounds and socioeconomic status.
Earn dual degrees where appropriate, e.g. music.

General Information and Strategies

Religious studies equips students with an understanding of global issues and trends in both historical and contemporary contexts. This understanding of multiculturalism and interculturalism is valued by a wide variety of employers in many industries including education, government and business.
Student who seek international careers may find that religious studies provides a good background in global issues.
Many transferable skills such as analyzing and synthesizing data, research, communication skills and critical thinking are associated with the religious studies degree.
People who major in religious studies may or may not consider themselves “religious.” Expertise in religious ideas can be a plus for secular work environments as well as more traditional religious ones.
An undergraduate degree prepares students for professional and graduate study in business, law, medicine, counseling, higher education and other fields. Be sure to check for prerequisite classes needed to enter various graduate programs.
Obtaining relevant experience through internships or volunteer experiences is critical to finding employment opportunities. Dual majors or minors can also help open the door in some fields.

Recreation and Leisure Studies

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:46:09 +0000

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Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Commercial Recreation
Resort and Private Recreation

Administration
Guest Relations:
- Trip Planning and Reservations
Sales/Marketing
Event/Program Planning and Evaluation
Facilities Management

Convention services
Event planning companies
Corporate employee services
Hotels
Resorts
Theme/amusement parks
Casinos
Country clubs
Motor home parks
Campgrounds
Boating/marina facilities
Second home communities
Travel/tourism companies
Guide services
Ecotourism agencies
Cruise, air, bus and rail lines

Develop strong communication and customer service skills and the ability to work well with people from various backgrounds.
Acquire foreign language experience and study abroad to increase multicultural perspective.
Seek employment with resorts, hotels, recreation departments or special events companies.
Pursue positions in reservations or telephone sales to build sales and customer service skills.
Volunteer at university and community-wide conferences.
Join student organizations related to travel or recreation and seek leadership and planning opportunities.
Increase knowledge of business theory by pursuing a minor or by taking additional classes in management, advertising and public relations.

Commercial Recreation
Local Recreation

Administration
Facilities Management
Sales/Marketing
Event/Program Planning and Evaluation

Multipurpose sports clubs
Racquet clubs
Dance studios
Health and fitness clubs
Pools
Golf courses
Sport-related franchises, e.g. Little Gym, My Gym
Bowling alleys
Skating rinks
Movie theaters
Party services
Entertainment providers
Event planning companies
Festivals and fairs
Vendors

Seek experience through related internships, part-time or summer jobs at campus and community recreational facilities.
Join student organizations such as campus entertainment board, cultural attractions committee or student union.
Participate in planning/executing community events and activities, i.e. fairs, festivals, sporting events, conventions.
Develop membership sales techniques for some customer-service positions.

Government Recreation

Administration
Program Management
Recreation Management
Recreation Planning
Park Development/Management
Natural Resource Management

City, county or regional government agencies:
- Parks
- Public recreation/education programs
State and federal government agencies:
- Parks, forests, wildlife areas and water resources
Conservation organizations
Department of Defense:
- Military bases in U.S. and foreign countries
Correctional facilities
Rehabilitation centers

Learn federal, state and local job application procedures.
Obtain experience with government agencies.
Participate in campus and local recreation programs and activities.
Volunteer to lead teams or organize committees in local recreation leagues.
Take additional coursework in wildlife, turf or natural resource management, exercise science or other related field to increase marketability.

Community Recreation

Administration
Camp Management
Program Management
Community Center Management
Programming
Coaching

Community centers
Community programs
Senior centers
Adult daycare centers
Special Olympics
Youth programs, i.e. YMCA or YWCA
Sports leagues
Camps and outdoor recreational programs
Nonprofit, social service and religiously-affiliated organizations

Obtain experience with community-based programs, camps, youth groups, etc. through paid, intern or volunteer positions.
Get involved in campus activities and seek leadership roles.
Learn to work well with people from varying backgrounds with varying abilities.

Faith-Based Recreation

Administration
Program Management
Facility Management

Churches
Synagogues
Mosques
Para-church organizations, i.e. Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Campus Crusade for Christ

Understand the relationship between religion, sport and recreation.
Participate in faith-based recreational programs, and seek leadership experience.
Develop skills for working in multi-cultural environments.
Research major programs such as AWANA and CYO (Catholic Youth Organization).
Attend training seminars that target sport and recreation in religious organizations such as RecLab.

Recreation Retailing

Management
Buying/Purchasing
Small Business Ownership

Department stores
Specialty shops
Pro shops/Club stores
Sporting goods stores
Outdoor outfitters

Obtain a part-time job or internship in sales to gain experience, as these positions are often stepping stones to higher-level opportunities.
Develop excellent interpersonal, communication and customer service skills.
Hone management and persuasion techniques.
Seek experience in all retail areas including purchasing, stock control and merchandise display and promotions.
Pursue expertise in a recreational area such as hiking, fishing, boating, skiing or hunting.
Take additional coursework in business or pursue a business minor.
Plan to work long and/or irregular hours, including holidays.

Education

Teaching
Research
Administration
Student Affairs including:
- Student Activities
- Campus Programming
- Campus Recreation, i.e. outdoor recreation programs, facilities management, fitness programming, intramural/club sports

Colleges and universities
Public and private schools (K-12)
Public and private preschool programs (e.g., Head Start)
Programs servicing children and adults with special needs

Earn a graduate degree for teaching at the college and university level.
Research the process for teacher certification in the K-12 system, which varies by state.
Seek part-time or summer jobs working with youth.
Serve as a tutor, peer mentor, resident assistant or student advisor.
Utilize campus recreational programs and facilities, including intramural sports, as a first step in pursuing student affairs positions.

Therapeutic Recreation

Administration/Management:
- Programs and Staff
- Evaluation and Documentation
Specialties:
- Intervention
- Aquatic
- Outdoor

Rehabilitation hospitals/centers
Nursing homes
Senior centers
Adult daycare centers
Assisted living facilities
Residential facilities
Psychiatric facilities
Community mental health centers
Substance abuse centers
Recovery centers
Correctional facilities
Educational facilities
Camps and outdoor recreational programs

Pursue a major in therapeutic recreation or a program with a therapeutic recreation focus.
Volunteer and intern in therapeutic recreation settings such as camps, senior centers and rehabilitation facilities.
Demonstrate ability to work as part of an interdisciplinary team with physicians, nurses, physical and occupational therapists.
Earn relevant licensure or certification; regulation varies by state. Consider specialization in areas such as aquatics, intervention, outdoor recreation and art therapy.
Exhibit patience, creativity, motivational skills and a high comfort level working with people of all ages including those who are sick or disabled.

General Information and Strategies

An undergraduate degree is sufficient for entry-level recreation positions. A graduate degree may be required for administrative positions and teaching/research positions at universities and colleges.
Obtain summer, part-time, internship or volunteer experience in camps, recreation/fitness centers, social service organizations, tourist attractions, etc.
Develop solid background of recreational and leisure theories and therapeutic practices.
Develop broad knowledge base of recreational activities such as athletics, music, arts and crafts, nature, dance, drama, etc.
Hone leadership and supervisory skills for coordinating and directing others in various activities.
Obtain Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist (CTRS) credential offered through the National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification for some positions. Certification in first aid and safety, CPR or life-guarding may be helpful.
Demonstrate strong interpersonal, verbal and written communication skills and the ability to work on a team.
Learn to interact effectively with people of various ages, backgrounds and ability levels.
Exhibit physical agility, stamina and a motivational spirit. An interest in working outdoors is essential for some positions.
Join related professional associations. Attend state/national professional association conferences.
Seek knowledge of U.S. and world geography, history, social customs and languages for some opportunities.
Consider participating in the Walt Disney College Program.

Public Relations

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:45:42 +0000

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Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Account Management

Sales
Development
Marketing
Administration
Event Planning
Employee or Member Relations
Media Relations
Customer Service
Research

Public relations firms representing:
- Private and public organizations, individuals, and events
PR departments in large corporations
Public opinion research firms
Advertising agencies
Radio and television companies
Sports and entertainment organizations
Hospitality and tourism industry
Nonprofit organizations
Government agencies
Labor unions
Consulting firms
Freelance

Strengthen verbal communication skills by taking speech communication courses.
Enhance writing skills through additional coursework.
Learn to work well with teams.
Serve as public relations officer of an organization.
Get involved with related professional associations as a student member.
Acquire one or more public relations internships even if unpaid.
Be prepared to start at the bottom and work up to higher positions.
Consider a master’s degree in public relations for higher level positions, especially at the executive level.
Find a mentor in the field to guide your own career planning.
Be willing to move to locations with more job opportunities.

Media

Writing
Editing
Copywriting
Reporting
Broadcasting
Producing
Managing/Directing
Research
Media Sales
Media Planning

Publishing firms including:
- Newspapers, magazines, and books
Wire services and syndicates
Newspapers
Magazines
Literary agencies
Internet sites/online news providers
Television and radio stations
Film industry
Freelance

Develop the ability to work under the pressure of deadlines in a fast-paced environment.
Work for campus or local newspaper, radio station, or television station.
Complete internships in relevant settings.
Learn applications related to web page design, desk top publishing, and other relevant technology.
Obtain sales experience.
Get involved with national and campus professional associations.
Develop excellent interpersonal, presentation, and research skills.
Be willing to take any job you can to get a foot in the door with an organization of interest.
Develop a portfolio or audition tape depending on the industry.

Business and Industry

Advertising Sales
Sales
Marketing
Customer Service
Management
Insurance Underwriting and Claims
Training and Development
Human Resources
Labor Relations
Writing/Editing

Public and private corporations
Marketing companies
Internet marketers
Sport and athletic organizations
Retail stores
Hotels
Restaurants
Hospitals and other healthcare organizations
Financial companies
Insurance firms
Real estate companies
Print and electronic media
Other product and service providers
Consulting firms

Earn a minor or double major in business.
Obtain sales and marketing experience through part-time or summer jobs.
Develop strong verbal and written communication skills.
Complete internships in fields of interest to build the skills and experiences valuable to employers.
Hone computer skills and learn applications such as databases, spreadsheets, and presentations.
Demonstrate excellent interpersonal skills and learn to work well on a team.
Get involved in student professional associations and other campus organizations.
Consider earning a graduate degree in business to increase opportunities for advancement.
Stay current with business and industry literature and news.
Become knowledgeable about corporate social responsibility.
Build a network of contacts.

Government

Public Affairs
Risk and Crisis Communication
Campaign Marketing and Fund Raising
Campaign Management
Media Relations
Public Information
City or Town Management
Programming
Research
Lobbying
Conflict Negotiation
Program Administration
Community Affairs
General Services
Legislative, Executive, or Judicial Services

Federal government:
- There are over 170 departments and agencies
State governments
Counties
Municipalities
Townships
School districts
Court system
Campaign committees
Special action committees
Elected officials
Political parties
Lobbying firms

Take courses or minor in applicable interest area(s).
Develop strong research, writing, conflict management, and negotiation skills.
Work on student government or local political campaigns.
Join related campus organizations and seek leadership roles.
Develop multi-cultural competence and learn to work well a variety of people.
There are a large number of specialized agencies within local, state, and federal government. Do extensive research to find the area that best fits your interests and goals.
Complete an internship with a government agency.
Maintain a strong GPA as many government programs are competitive.
Learn government job application processes. Seek assistance at your college career center.
Develop a network of contacts through referrals and informational interviews.
Consider earning a graduate degree in public policy/ affairs, public administration, or related areas.

Nonprofit

Public Relations
Promotion
Event Planning
Service Marketing
Administration
Community Affairs
Fund Raising/Development
Research
Program Coordination
Grant Writing
Writing/Editing
Volunteer Coordination
Training

Local and national nonprofit organizations
Charities and foundations
- within the areas of environment, arts, multicultural initiatives, religion, and health
Hospitals and healthcare providers
Educational institutions
Museums
Historical sites and societies
Libraries
Chambers of commerce
Professional associations
Special interest groups
Labor unions

Gain experience through internships or volunteer positions with non-profit entities.
Get involved planning events or fund raising for campus or local organizations.
Demonstrate knowledge and experience in a specialty area, e.g. public health, environment, urban issues. Consider a minor or specific courses to develop this expertise.
Learn to work well with different types of people.
Develop a wide array of skills including writing, speaking, budgeting, grant writing, and leadership.
Consider earning a graduate degree in public administration or nonprofit management to position yourself for great opportunities.

Education

Teaching
Research
Administration
Student Affairs
- Student Activities
- Leadership Development
- Admissions
- Orientation
- Career Services
- Residence Life
- Multi-cultural Affairs
- Study Abroad
- International Student Services
Academic Affairs
- Academic Support Services
- Advising, Educational Advancement Programs
- Honors Programs
Library Sciences

Colleges and universities
Professional or graduate schools, including medical
Adult education programs
Vocational-technical educational programs

Obtain a doctorate degree to teach at colleges and universities.
Earn a master’s degree in a specialized area e.g., College Student Personnel, Higher Education Administration, or Library and Information Sciences to work in other roles at post-secondary institutions.
Maintain a high GPA and secure strong faculty recommendations to prepare for graduate school.
Seek campus leadership positions such as peer mentor, orientation leader, or resident assistant.
Build strong interpersonal skills.

General Information and Strategies

Develop excellent communication skills, both verbal and written. Creativity and good judgment are also critical skills in this field.
Demonstrate enthusiasm and energy for the field.
Obtain part-time, summer job, internship, or volunteer experience within an area of interest. Public relations is a competitive field and related experience is essential to break into the industry.
Explore specializations within major and field. Select electives or earn a minor to enhance knowledge in area(s) of interest.
Participate in co-curricular activities to develop skills such as public speaking, team work, leadership, event planning, and fund raising. Join professional
associations related to public relations.
Make the most of public relations campaign classes to learn as much as possible and to generate items for a portfolio.
Be prepared to start at the bottom and work up to positions of greater responsibility. Expect to complete administrative tasks in entry-level jobs.
Develop and utilize a personal network of contacts. Once in a position, find an experienced mentor.
Obtain additional or advanced degrees to enhance knowledge of specific area of interests. For instance, a Master of Public Policy (MPP) will increase employability in government and non-profit agencies.

Public Health

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:45:12 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Health Policy and Management

Health Services Administration:
- Operations
- Finance
- Program Management
- Material Management
- Human Resources
- Medical Staff Relations
- Information Technology
- Marketing
- Public Relations
- Facilities
- Patient Care
- Provider Relations
- Government Relations
Health Policy:
- Research
- Policy Analysis
- Policy Development
- Legislative Work
- Lobbying

Hospitals
Health systems
Clinics
Medical groups
Hospices
Home health agencies
Long-term care facilities
Mental health facilities
Managed care organizations
Health finance organizations
Insurance companies
Pharmaceutical companies
Academic medical centers
Federal government agencies including:
- Department of Health and Human Services
  - Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
- Department of Veterans Affairs
- Food and Drug Administration
- Office of the Surgeon General
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institutes of Health
- Military
Legislative offices
State government agencies
Public health departments
Advocacy groups
Health foundations
Nongovernmental agencies, e.g. Red Cross
Professional associations, e.g. American Medical Association

For health services administration, choose an undergraduate major in business, accounting, finance, or management. For policy-related careers, consider public administration or political science.
Gain experience through internships or jobs in a healthcare setting.
Develop strong communication and technology skills. Learn how to use database and spreadsheet software.
Get involved in student government or campus organizations related to health issues.
Learn to work well on teams and develop strong leadership skills.
Earn a master’s degree in public health, health administration, public administration, business, or a related field.
To prepare for positions in lobbying and legislation, some will earn a law degree.
Join related professional organizations and build a network of contacts.
Stay abreast of news in the healthcare industry.

Behavioral Science and Health Education

Programming for:
- Disease Prevention
- Health Promotion
Community Outreach
Grant Writing
Fundraising
Volunteer Coordination
Social Marketing
Public Relations
Teaching
Assessment
Research

Federal government agencies including:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Department of Health and Human Services
- Office of the Surgeon General
State government agencies
Public health departments
Nonprofit organizations such as:
- American Red Cross
- American Heart Association
- American Cancer Society
- American Lung Association
Wellness centers
Community mental health centers
Corporate wellness programs
Fitness facilities
Schools Colleges and universities
Hospitals Private research foundations
Research and development firms
International health agencies

Supplement curriculum with relevant coursework in social work, sociology, psychology, English, journalism, or public relations.
Become involved in health programming or peer education on campus.
Volunteer in the community to gain experience and develop expertise in a particular area or organization.
Obtain a part-time or summer job with campus health center or wellness coordinator.
Develop strong public speaking and presentation skills. Prepare to communicate effectively with both groups and individuals.
Learn to work well with diverse populations and people of varying ages.
Creativity and good writing skills are important to delivering effective interventions.
Become familiar with grant writing techniques and grant submission procedures.
Get credentialed as a Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES).
Earn a graduate degree to advance into positions with greater responsibility.

Biostatistics

Biomedical
Research
Data Analysis
Clinical Trials
Technical Writing
Teaching

Federal government agencies including:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Center for Health Statistics
State government agencies
Public health departments
Pharmaceutical industry
Biotechnology firms
Nonprofit organizations
Colleges and universities
Research institutions
Hospitals
International health agencies

Choose an undergraduate major in mathematics, statistics, or basic science. Develop strong quantitative and computing skills.
Get involved with faculty research projects or apply to a summer research program.
Gain experience through related internships.
Learn to work well on an interdisciplinary team.
Develop strong written and verbal communication skills. Statisticians in this field may frequently write technical reports.
Earn a graduate degree in public health. This area is closely related to epidemiology.

Epidemiology

Research
Program Design
Program Evaluation
Clinical Work
Incident/Disease Investigation
Risk Assessment
Surveillance
Teaching
Technical Writing

Federal government agencies including:
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Military
State government agencies
Public health departments
World Health Organization (WHO)
Private research foundations
Pharmaceutical industry
Research and development service firms
Nonprofit organizations
Hospitals
Colleges and universities
Medical schools

Develop a solid background in the biological sciences, statistics, and mathematics.
Gain experience with research. Volunteer to assist professors with research or apply for summer research programs.
Find a topic of interest and seek as much knowledge and experience in that area as possible.
Develop strong communication skills for grant and report writing.
Earn a master’s or doctoral degree in public health, epidemiology, microbiology, or a related field.
Many clinical epidemiologists have also earned a medical degree.

Environmental and Occupational

Research
Field Research
Air Quality
Food Protection
Radiation Protection
Solid Waste Management
Water Quality
Noise Control
Housing Quality
Vector Control
Toxicology
Occupational Safety
Risk Assessment
Management
Policy Development
Consulting

Federal government agencies such as:
- CDC’s National Center for Environmental Health
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- Environmental Protection Agency
- Food and Drug Administration
- Military
State government agencies
Public health departments
Private research facilities
Nonprofit organizations
Environmental agencies
Consulting firms

Major in biology, chemistry, or other science area.
Develop strong research skills and the ability to manage data.
Get involved with environmental-related organizations on campus.
Learn to work well with a team of other professionals such as physicians, engineers, and scientists.
Read related journals to stay abreast of new trends and legislation in the field.
Plan to earn a graduate degree in public health or related field.
Research the many specialties to determine interest areas in which to gain experience.

Global Health

Social and Economic Development
Health Policy
Demography
Women’s Health
Children’s Health
Nutrition
Design of Healthcare Systems
Disease Prevention and Control
Disaster/Disease Relief

International organizations such as:
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)
- United Nations Development Programme
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- World Bank
Bilateral government development agencies such as:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Health Service
- Office of International Health
Peace Corps
Nonprofit organizations such as:
- International Red Cross
- CARE
- Doctors Without Borders

Major in a social science and plan to continue education in public health.
Learn one or more foreign languages.
Study, volunteer, or intern abroad as much as possible.
Participate in international service learning trips or missions.
Volunteer in the local community with health-related issues.
Develop excellent research, writing, communication,
and organizational skills.
Learn to adapt to cultural and racial diversity.
Be willing to live and work in third world nations.

General Information and Strategies

Public health is a broad, multi-disciplinary field. Other specialties within public health include areas such as: women’s health, children’s health, nutrition, bioterrorism, gerontology, and veterinary public health. Additionally, some professionals will choose an interdisciplinary career path that involves public health, such as health communication or law.
A bachelor’s degree opens the door for entry level opportunities in areas such as health education and promotion and environmental health.
A master’s degree is typically required for management, administration, research, policy development, biostatistics, and epidemiology.
A doctoral degree is required to reach the highest levels of administration or research and for university teaching positions.
Students planning to apply to a public health graduate program will do so through the Schools of Public Health Application Service (SOPHAS). Common public health graduate school specialties include: biostatistics, environmental health sciences, epidemiology, health policy and management, and social and behavioral sciences.
Many opportunities in public health exist with government agencies including: The Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Health Resources and Services Administration, Indian Health Service, National Institutes of Health, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Become familiar with government hiring procedures. Obtain a government internship in area of interest.
Develop a specialty area of interest via supplemental coursework and/or work experience for greater marketability within that specific career field.
Cultivate personal characteristics such as enthusiasm, dedication, and a positive attitude. Maintain a personal commitment to healthy living.
Writing, research, and presentation skills are critical in most career fields related to public health.
Gain experience working with diverse populations across diverse settings. Learn to work well with others individually and in groups.

Public Administration

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:44:47 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Local Government

City Management
Financial Administration
Budget Analysis
General Services
Community Affairs
Social Services
Urban Planning

Counties
Municipalities
Townships
School districts
Special districts

Learn local government job application procedures.
Develop a network of contacts.
Check statistics on growing communities for best opportunities.
Gain relevant experience through an internship or volunteer position.
Conduct applicable research that could be useful to your community.
Get involved in community organizations and events.

State Government

Administrative Services
Legislature
Judicial

Various departments of state government
Legislative agencies including:
- Legislative Reference Services, Bill Drafting Services, Legislative Councils and Budgeting and Auditing staffs
State Supreme Courts
Personal staff of legislators
Intermediate Appellate Courts
Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction
Trial Courts of Limited Jurisdiction

Research the organization of your state government.
Develop specialized skills and interests for particular populations or issues, e.g. disability, education, homelessness, etc.
Develop strong research and writing skills.
Make political contacts through local legislators of both houses.
Volunteer to work on political campaigns.
Make contacts through referrals and informational interviews.
Plan to earn a law degree to qualify for some opportunities.

Federal Government

Professional
Administrative
Technical

Various federal departments and agencies

Obtain an internship in a federal agency or department. Often this is the best way to get a foot in the door for a permanent position.
Learn federal job application procedures and how to write a federal resume including your KSAs (knowledge, skills and abilities).
Research various agencies and departments to discover which ones may be the best fit for your major and experience.
Conduct informational interviews with government employees.

Federal Government: Legislative Branch

Legislative Agencies
Legislature
- Administrative Staff
  - Washington-based
  - Home District
  - Committee

Various agencies including:
- General Accounting Office, Library of Congress, Government Printing Office, Congressional Budget Office
Offices of senators and representatives

Understand structure of Congress and various opportunities available.
Develop excellent research, writing, communication and organizational skills.
Build a strong personal network.
Explore districts other than your own.

Federal Government: Judicial Branch

Supreme Court
U.S. Courts
Supporting organizations

Some positions require law degree and bar certification.
Understand the structure and functions of the federal judiciary system.

Federal Government: Executive Branch

Office of the President
Management and Budget
Administration
Council of Economic Advisors
U.S. Trade Representatives
Executive Departments

Office of the President
Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Justice, Labor

Federal Government: Independent Agencies

Independent Agencies include the following (not an exhaustive list):

Coordination and Public Safety
Emergency Response Policy
Environmental Protection Agency
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Emergency Management Agency
General Services Administration
National Archives & Records Administration
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Office of Personnel Management
Securities & Exchange Commission
Tennessee Valley Authority
U.S. Information Agency
U.S. International Development Cooperation

There are a large number of niche areas and specialized agencies within the federal government. Do extensive research in order to find the area that best matches your skills and interests.
Take courses or minor in applicable interest area(s).
Research applicable public service exams and hiring procedures.
Complete an internship in a related area.
Maintain a high grade point average to qualify for government employment.
Consider earning a graduate degree to prepare for the largest number of opportunities.

Nonprofit

Administration
Development
Program Management
Policy Analysis
Research
Grant Writing

Local and national nonprofit agencies and foundations
Charitable organizations
Trade or professional organizations
Research organizations and think tanks
Educational institutions

Participate in internships and/or volunteer activities for related experience.
Develop strong communication and leadership skills.
Become a member of relevant organizations and seek leadership roles.
Develop strong research skills and learn how to write grants.
Research the organizations’ values to find a good fit with yours. It is critical that you are knowledgeable about and care about the work you’re going to do.

Political Support/ Lobbying

Political Action Committees (PAC)
Various industrial, educational, and public interest groups
Political parties
Lobbying organizations
Large business firms

Get involved with a political party/group and develop a personal network. The ability to develop networks, coalitions and alliances with other associations is highly valued.
Gain experience with government agencies or departments to help build relationships.
Develop excellent public relations, interpersonal and communication skills.
Learn how to persuade and negotiate. Participate on a debate team.
Volunteer in organizations with similar interests and goals.

Business

Human Resources
Budget Analysis
Management
Sales/Marketing
Management Consulting
Occupational Safety Coordination
Public Relations

Business firms
Contracting and consulting firms
Association management firms

Develop strong analytical, communication and technical skills.
Obtain related work experience in a business setting through internships and summer or part-time jobs.
Earn a minor in business.
Hone computer skills and learn software packages such as databases, spreadsheets and presentations.
Get involved in student organizations and seek leadership roles.

Health/Wellness

Healthcare Administration
Policy Development and Analysis
Health Delivery Systems

Hospitals
Healthcare facilities
Health Maintenance Organizations
Insurance companies
Nursing homes
Social service and community agencies

Most positions will require graduate degree in public health or hospital administration.
Complete an internship in a healthcare environment to gain knowledge of the industry.
Learn to work well with different types of people.

International Affairs

Governance
Policy Making and Analysis
Public Sector Reform
Poverty-Reduction Strategy
Ethics and Anti-corruption
Human Rights
Public Law
Organization and Management Development
Resource Development
Public-Private Partnerships
Media/Communication Policy and Practice
Education

Intergovernmental agencies, e.g., World Bank, United Nations
National governments
Non-profit agencies
Policy and research organizations
Private businesses
Contracting and consulting firms

Obtain internships or volunteer in order to gain valuable experience in areas of interest.
Participate in overseas mission trips or spend a Semester at Sea.
Become familiar with national or international application procedures.
Research the history and culture of countries or geographic areas of interest.
Take steps towards obtaining work or study visas for various locations.
Become proficient in at least one foreign language.
Spend time studying or working abroad, especially working to make and maintain contacts in foreign countries.
Earn a double major or minor in order to gain additional skills or knowledge needed for various positions (i.e., Africana studies, Asian studies, business, psychology, sociology, etc.).
For higher level positions an advanced degree is necessary. Research different programs and the concentrations they offer in order to find the best fit for your interests.

General Information and Strategies

An undergraduate degree in Public Administration, with the appropriate experience, is sufficient for entry-level position in government and business.
A graduate degree in public administration or public health administration helps prepare students for management and upper-level administrative positions. Carefully research programs in order to choose specializations or concentrations of interest.
Consider law school for careers in upper level politics, administration or management. Explore joint J.D. and M.P.A. programs to see if they meet your career goals.
Obtain broad liberal arts background including written and verbal skills, communication and foreign language skills.
Part-time, summer, internship, and volunteer experiences are extremely helpful in government affairs, organizations or public service areas.
Develop strong leadership skills; run for office in clubs and organizations in school or community. Volunteer to organize or lead an event or project.
Get involved in Student Government.
Demonstrate interest/involvement in community affairs/events.
Join related social and/or professional organizations.
Employment opportunities in local government tend to follow population trends in terms of growth and decline in availability of positions. Be prepared to relocate to find the most opportunities.
Develop a strong personal network through informal contacts.
Political connections are helpful for appointed positions. Most agencies respond to professional connections.
Expect keen competition for federal positions. Prepare yourself with a strong academic background and good experience. Many government jobs have strict guidelines and want to carefully match candidates’ KSAs (knowledge, skills, and abilities) to the job description. Research this first and seek the classes and experiences that will best prepare you.
Develop patience, persistence and drive in obtaining government positions.
Explore application to Administrative Careers with America (ACWA) and the Outstanding Scholar Program for federal positions.
Learn applicable application process for area of interest.
Research websites and books that address various government job opportunities, pay structure and hiring processes.
Consider military experience and training as an entryway into government jobs and public service.
Plan on following a flexible career path to higher positions. Many people begin on the clerical or entry level in order to gain experience and network.

Psychology

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:44:23 +0000

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Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Human Services

Direct Care:
- Counseling
- Psychotherapy
- Art Therapy
- Music Therapy
- Case Management
- Mental Health Services
- Physical Health and Wellness
- Crisis Work
- Rehabilitation Services
- Performance Enhancement
- Testing/Assessment
- Law Enforcement
Administration:
- Advocacy
- Programming
- Community Relations
- Management
- Development/Fund Raising
- Grant Writing

Federal Federal government including Departments of:

Health and Human Services
Justice
Veterans Affairs

State government including:

Departments of Human Services
Departments of Mental Health
Departments of Justice

Community mental health centers
State psychiatric hospitals
Facilities for individuals with intellectual impairments
Boards of probation and parole
Local government
Senior citizens’ centers
Nursing homes
Social service/nonprofit organizations
Religiously-affiliated service organizations
Hospitals/healthcare providers
Private psychiatric facilities
Outpatient clinics
Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)
College and university counseling centers and career centers
Pain clinics
Rehabilitation facilities
Testing centers
Private practice

Obtain essential practical experience through part-time or summer jobs such as camp counselor, tutor, or resident hall advisor.
Complete an internship for academic credit.
Gain experience through volunteering with organizations such as crisis hotlines, Big Brother or Sister, Special Olympics, service groups, etc.
Many entry-level helping positions require one year of related experience. Volunteer experience and internships can typically fulfill this requirement.
Learn to work well with different types of people.
Develop strong communication skills.
Cultivate the desire to help others.
Earn a minor in a specialized field of interest, e.g. child and family studies or sociology.
Take courses to build valuable counseling-related skills, e.g. techniques of counseling.
Become fluent in a second language to serve clients who may not speak English.
Be willing to relocate for increased job opportunities.
Acquire knowledge of government and community resources available for those in need.
Obtain a graduate degree in psychology, counseling, or social work for positions involving substantive counseling or psychotherapy or for advancement into administrative/supervisory positions.
Many specialties exist at the graduate level, for example school counseling, mental health counseling, counseling psychology, etc. Pursue particular degrees depending upon interests and career goals. See General Information on the last page for more details on this topic.
Pursue graduate training or certification programs to establish test administration and interpretation qualification.
Maintain an excellent academic record and seek experiences valued by graduate programs.

Research

Social Research
Market Research
Data Analysis
Testing/Test Development
Experimental Psychology

Federal, state and local government agencies
National headquarters of non-profit organizations
Universities and colleges
Market research firms
Market research departments of consumer goods and manufacturing firms
Private research organizations
Consulting firms

Pursue research experience by working on faculty projects through independent study classes, as a student employee, or through other departmental programs.
Take additional math and statistics courses to develop strong quantitative and statistical skills.
Obtain related experience through part-time or summer jobs or internships with a market research firm.
Get involved in the American Marketing Association.
Earn a graduate degree in experimental psychology, educational psychology, statistics, or marketing depending upon interest area.

Education

Teaching
Adult Learning/Community Instruction, e.g. GED classes, life skills, parenting, etc.
Information/Library Science
Higher Education Administration and Student Support Services including:

Admissions
Financial Aid
Academic Advising
Development
Alumni Affairs
International Education and Study Abroad
Career Services
Residence Life
Student Activities and Greek Life
Orientation
Leadership
Multicultural Affairs
Recreational Sports

Public and private K-12 schools
Colleges and universities
Government agencies
Federal Trio programs, e.g. Upward Bound, Talent Search
Nonprofit organizations, e.g. Project Grad
College prep programs

Obtain a teaching certificate for public school positions. Multiple certification will increase marketability. Seek guidance from the education department of your college.
Earn a doctoral degree in psychology for post-secondary teaching.
Pursue graduate training in information science for library positions.
Get a master’s degree in college student personnel, higher education administration for student affairs or administrative positions.
Maintain a high GPA and secure strong personal recommendations.
Gain experience working with children, adolescents, or college students through tutoring or other volunteer positions.
Acquire related experience on campus as a resident hall advisor, orientation leader, admissions tour guide, or peer mentor.
Develop strong communication skills and learn to speak well in front of a group.

Human Resources

Employment and Recruitment
Selection
Labor Relations
Compensation and Benefits
Organizational Development
Training

Large companies
Government agencies
Staffing and employment services
Large non-profit organizations
Hospitals
Educational institutions

Gain relevant experience in human resources by completing an internship.
Earn a minor in business or supplement curriculum with business courses.
Seek leadership positions in student organizations.
Develop strong computer skills.
Earn an MBA or a graduate degree in human resources to attain higher level positions.

Business and Industry

Sales
Customer Service
Public Relations
Marketing
Advertising
Product Design
Management
Insurance
- Claims Management
- Underwriting
Real Estate
- Sales
- Property Management

Service providers
Wholesalers
Manufacturers
Retail stores including:
- Department stores
- Specialty stores
- Discount stores
- Super retailers
- Online retailers
Call centers
Financial institutions
Insurance companies
Real estate companies
Property management firms
Apartment complexes
Public relations departments of large businesses or nonprofit organizations

Develop career goals and seek relevant experiences to prepare for those goals.
Earn a minor in business or supplement curriculum with business or communication courses.
Obtain relevant experience through internships or part-time jobs.
Work a part-time or summer job in a retail store. Demonstrate a willingness to take on additional responsibilities such as “assistant manager.”
Participate in student organizations and seek leadership roles.
Learn to work well with different types of people. Develop a strong commitment to customer satisfaction.
For sales, develop the ability to work well under pressure and be comfortable in a competitive environment.
Be willing to start in a management-trainee program or other entry-level positions.
When job searching, seek employers interested in hiring “any major.”
Understand the top skills employers desire and be prepared to demonstrate them, such as communication (oral and written), computer, interpersonal, leadership and teamwork, etc.

General Information and Strategies

Psychology provides a broad, liberal arts background.
Some students may choose to study psychology because they enjoy the subject but wish to pursue careers requiring “any major.” In this scenario, it is critical to develop desirable skills through internships, part-time or summer jobs, or volunteer experiences. Some skills valued most by employers include: communication, interpersonal, leadership, teamwork, and computer skills.
Other students may major in psychology because they want to work in a related field. Many entry-level helping positions are available, however the amount of direct client contact is limited for those who have a bachelor’s degree. Students may wish to pursue graduate education in psychology, social work, counseling, college student personnel, or other related fields to increase opportunities and earning potential. Research career fields to learn what type of degree (master’s, educational specialist, doctoral) and subject area are most appropriate. The following list provides some examples:

Master’s Degree
Licensed Clinical Social Worker
Professional Counselor
Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors
Rehabilitation Counselors
Licensed Marriage & Family Therapists

Educational Specialist
School Psychologist

Doctoral Degree
Counseling Psychologist
Licensed Clinical Psychologist
Experimental Psychologist
Sport Psychologist
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
Social Psychologist
Developmental Psychologist
Forensic Psychologist
Health Psychologist

For those wishing to pursue graduate education, maintain a high grade point average, secure strong faculty recommendations, and gain experience through volunteer or work opportunities. Assist a faculty member with his or her research.
Many applied positions require licensure. This can take an additional one to three years of supervised experience after earning a graduate degree depending upon state requirements. Graduate programs in clinical work should be accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA) in order to ensure a smooth transition towards licensure. Graduate programs in counseling should be accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP).

Political Science and Government

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:43:32 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Local and State Government

Public Policy
Regional Planning
City or Town Management
Legislative, Executive, or Judicial Services
Program Administration
General Services
Community Affairs
Social Services
Law Enforcement

Counties
Cities
Municipalities
Townships
School districts
Departments of state government
Legislative agencies
Court systems

Research your local and/or state government.
Employment opportunities in local government tend to follow population trends in terms of growth and decline in availability of positions. Check statistics on growing communities to find the most opportunities. Be prepared to relocate.
Develop a network of contacts through referrals and informational interviews.
Conduct research, e.g. education, homelessness, etc. that could be useful to your community.
Get involved in civic organizations and events.
Complete an internship in a government agency.
Participate in local or national election campaigns.
Familiarize self with government application process.

Federal Government

Public Policy
Research
Intelligence
Foreign Service
Law Enforcement
General Services
Legislative, Executive, or Judicial Services
Program Administration

There are over 170 federal departments and agencies.

Take courses or minor in applicable interest area(s).
Seek leadership roles in relevant campus organizations such as model United Nations, student government, and cross-cultural organizations.
Write for campus publications focused on national and international affairs.
Develop skills in computers, statistics, and data analysis.
Acquire foreign language competency and travel experience for international positions.
There are a large number of specialized agencies within the federal government. Do extensive research in order to find the area that best fits your interests.
Become familiar with the government application process. Utilize applicable websites and seek assistance from your college career center.
Obtain an internship in a federal agency or department.
Conduct informational interviews with government employees.
Build a strong personal network.

Law
See also What Can I Do With This Major in Law?

Prosecution
Defense
Contractual
Corporate
Nonprofit or Public Interest
Government
Mediation
Other Specialties
Law Assistance

Federal, state, and local government
Private practice
Corporations
Special interest groups
Universities and colleges
Legal aid societies
Nonprofit and public interest organizations, e.g. ACLU, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Legal Services Corporation
Legal clinics
Other private legal services

Develop strong research skills and attention to detail.
Participate in debate or forensic team to hone communication skills.
Choose courses or a minor to specialize in a particular area of law, e.g. a minor in business for a career in corporate law.
Find part-time or summer work in a law firm.
Shadow an attorney to learn more about the field and various specialties.
Get involved in pre-law organizations.
Plan to attend law school and earn a law degree.
Maintain a high grade point average and secure strong faculty recommendations. Prepare for the LSAT (Law School Admission Test).
Obtain specialized certification for paralegal positions.

Politics

Elected or Appointed Leadership
Campaign Management
Staff Administration
Special Interest Advocacy
Political Advising
Lobbying

Legislative, executive, or judicial officials
National, state, or local government
Political action committees
Political parties
Campaigns: national, state, or local Industrial, educational, and public interest groups
Lobbying organizations
Large business firms

Volunteer for national or local campaigns.
Be prepared to begin a political career as a volunteer before moving to paid positions.
Many elected public officials begin careers in other fields (law, medicine, business) before campaigning for office.
Gain experience through internships with government agencies or legislatures.
Obtain leadership roles in campus organizations.
Become involved in campus political groups, student government, publications, or community service projects.
Take courses in statistics, public policy, or other specific interest areas.
Get involved with a political party/group and develop a personal network. The ability to build networks, coalitions and alliances with other associations is highly valued.
Develop excellent public relations, interpersonal, and communication skills.

International Affairs
See also What Can I Do With This Major in Global Studies?

Governance
Policy Making and Analysis
Public Sector Reform
Poverty-Reduction Strategy
Ethics and Anti-Corruption
Human Rights
Public Law
Organization and Management Development
Resource Development
Public-Private Partnerships
Media/Communication Policy and Practice Education

Intergovernmental agencies, e.g. World Bank, United Nations, etc.
National governments
Non-profit agencies
Religious organizations
Foundations
Policy and research organizations
Private businesses
Contracting and consulting firms

Earn a double major or minor in order to gain additional skills or knowledge, e.g. Africana studies, Asian studies, business, psychology.
Spend time studying or working abroad. Make and maintain contacts in foreign countries.
Seek cultural experiences on campus.
Obtain internships or volunteer to gain valuable experience in areas of interest.
Participate in overseas mission trips or spend a Semester at Sea.
Research the history and culture of countries or geographic areas of interest.
Become proficient in at least one foreign language.
Take steps towards obtaining work or study visas for various locations.
Plan to earn a graduate degree in international affairs, foreign policy, or other specialty areas.
Consider entering the Peace Corps.

Business

Sales
Human Resources
Management
Public Relations
Market Research

Product and service organizations
Retail stores
Hotels
Restaurants
Manufacturers
Insurance companies
Print and electronic media
Consulting firms
Other business corporations

Develop strong analytical, verbal, writing, and leadership skills.
Acquire a business minor or add business as a double major.
Gain experience in an area of interest through internships or other employment.
Obtain leadership roles in campus organizations
. Demonstrate excellent interpersonal skills.
Hone computer skills and learn software packages such as databases, spreadsheets and presentations.
Become knowledgeable about corporate social responsibility.

Non-Profit

Administration
Management
Public Relations
Fund Raising/Development
Policy Analysis
Research
Grant Writing
Direct Service

Local and national nonprofit agencies
Foundations
Charitable organizations
Trade or professional associations
Special interest groups
Labor unions
Libraries
Museums
Historic sites/historical societies
Research organizations and think tanks
Educational institutions

Gain experience through volunteering or completing an internship.
Supplement curriculum with courses in business, psychology, sociology, or social work.
Obtain leadership roles in relevant campus and community organizations.
Develop strong communication and research skills.
Learn how to write grants.
Demonstrate knowledge and experience in a specialty area, e.g. public health, environment, urban issues.
Research organizations’ values to find a good fit with yours. It is critical that you are knowledgeable about and committed to the work you’re going to do.
Investigate term of service or service corps positions as a way to gain entry into the field.
Consider earning a graduate degree for more job opportunities and advancement.

Media

Editing
Reporting
Circulation
Sales
Publishing
Electronic Media
Public Relations
News Programming
Production

Newspapers: national, local, or trade
Wire services
Magazines
Internet sites
Large corporations
Political parties
Political action committees
Professional publications/associations
Labor unions
Academic journals
Broadcast media companies including television, radio, and the movie industry
Major networks
Public, cable, and private television stations
National, state, or regional radio networks
Independent radio syndications
Video production companies
Government agencies

Obtain an internship or work experience with a newspaper, magazine, radio station, or television station.
Become proficient in desktop publishing and photography.
Develop a professional network and become aware of various social medias.
Learn HTML and other computer programs to prepare for online work.
Develop excellent verbal and written communication skills through communications courses or other writing intensive coursework.
Join the college newspaper, yearbook, or other publication staff.
Become a student member of professional associations.
Create a portfolio of published writing samples.
Obtain experience in and knowledge of a specialty area of interest. Experience in government is usually required for specialized reporting positions.
Develop professional image for television or other visual media positions.
Volunteer to announce local or campus sporting events.
Become involved in drama e.g., direct, act, or work with technical crew.

Education

Elementary
Middle
Secondary
Administration Higher Education:
- Teaching
- Research
- Administration
- Student Affairs
- Information/Library Services

K-12 schools, public and private
Boards of education
Four-year colleges and universities
Two-year and community colleges
Technical schools
Medical and professional schools

Complete a teacher preparation program to teach in the public school system.
Obtain teaching certificate/license for desired subject area and/or grade level. Requirements for certification/licensure vary by state. Seek multiple certifications to increase employability.
Private schools may not require certification or licensure but may prefer candidates with graduate degrees in subject areas.
Seek experiences with youth through summer jobs at camps or other community organizations.
A doctoral degree is required to teach and research at four-year institutions or to enter the highest levels of university administration. A master’s or Ph.D. degree is required to teach at two-year schools.
Earn a master’s degree in student personnel, student development, counseling, or library/information sciences for student affairs and librarian positions.
Gain related experience on campus through student leadership opportunities such as Peer Mentors, Resident Assistants, or Orientation Leaders.

General Information and Strategies

An undergraduate degree in political science is good preparation for graduate or professional study in areas such as political science, public administration, foreign policy, law, business, and more. Carefully research programs in order to choose specializations or concentrations of interest.
Maintain a high grade point average to ensure admission into a graduate or law program and/or a position within the government.
Expect keen competition for federal positions. Prepare yourself with a strong academic background and good experience. Many government jobs have strict guidelines and want to carefully match candidates’ knowledge, skills, and abilities to the job description. Research this first and seek the classes and experiences that will best prepare you.
Explore application to Administrative Careers with America (ACWA) and the Outstanding Scholar Program for federal positions.
Develop strong leadership skills; run for office in clubs and organizations in school or community. Volunteer to organize or lead an event or project.
Join related social and/or professional organizations.
Build a strong personal network through informal contacts.
Consider military experience and training as an entryway into government jobs and public service. The Peace Corps is also a good way to enter a career in government.

Plant Sciences

Career_Admin — Wed, 18 May 2011 14:43:00 +0000

Links and Print Version

Area

Employer

Information/Strategies

Landscape Design and Construction

Residential Design
Landscape Construction
Landscape Maintenance
Specialty Installation (Irrigation systems, ponds, rockscapes, lighting)
Sales and Contracting

Landscape design companies
Garden centers
Parks, amusement parks, and zoos
Golf courses
Sport fields
Cemeteries
Large hotels and resorts
Industrial sites
Colleges and universities
Local/city governments
State highway departments
Self-employment

Get practical experience in the field through internships or summer and part-time jobs.
Be prepared to work seasonally or move to a climate where more year-round opportunities are available.
Develop skills in speaking, writing, and photography.
Obtain a business or agricultural economics minor if interested in management or self-employment.
Earn a landscape architect degree and obtain professional certification as a landscape architect for better positions, advancement opportunities, more responsibility, and higher pay.
Participate in the annual American Landscape Contractor’s Association competition.

Turfgrass Science and Management

Golf Course Management
Sport Turf Management
Sod Production
Residential Lawn Installation and Management
Irrigation Systems
Research

Golf courses
Lawn care companies
Colleges and universities
Sport and athletic fields
Local/city governments
Parks and amusement parks
Sod production firms
Pest management companies
Landscape companies
Irrigation firms

Get practical experience with golf courses and other turf businesses through internships or summer and part-time jobs.
Participate in relevant student organizations and professional associations, e.g. the Turf Club or Hort Club.
Develop effective communication skills.
Obtain a business or agricultural economics minor if interested in management or self-employment.
Be prepared to work seasonally or move to a climate where more year-round opportunities are available.

Public Horticulture

Adult and Youth Education
Urban Horticulture
Plant Collections
Urban Forestry
Horticulture Therapy
Communications
Management

Public and botanic gardens
Arboreta and conservatories
Radio and television stations
Magazines, newspapers and internet sites
Zoos and aquariums
Cities and parks
State highway departments
Universities
Cemeteries
Theme parks
Extension Service
Hospitals and therapy centers
Nursing homes and senior centers

Develop excellent writing and speaking skills.
Join student organizations and seek leadership roles.
Learn to work well with all types of people.
Gain practical experience in the field through internships and summer and part-time jobs.
Earn Registered Horticultural Therapist licensure for plant therapy or become a Certified Horticulturist.
Obtain teacher certification for public school positions.

Plant Sciences, Horticulture, and Biotechnology

Greenhouse and Nursery Management
Vegetable and Fruit Production
Plant Biotechnology
Plant Breeding and Genetics
Agronomy

Nurseries, greenhouses, florists, and other wholesale and retail companies
Extension Service
Biotechnology companies
Agribusinesses
Plant propagation and production businesses
Harvesting and fertilization manufacturers
Consulting firms
Government agencies: local, state, federal, and international
High schools, colleges, and universities

Gain practical experience in the field through internships and summer and part-time jobs.
Assist a professor with a research project.
Join horticultural or agronomy clubs or other student professional associations to network and cultivate related academic interests.
Become a Certified Horticulturist.
A master’s or doctoral degree may be necessary for advancement. Some federal and private agency work, consulting positions, and especially research positions require a graduate degree.
Maintain a strong grade point average to be competitive for graduate school admission.

General Information and Strategies

For entry level positions in most areas of landscape design, horticulture, turf, agronomy and biotechnology, a bachelor’s degree is sufficient. A graduate degree may be necessary for advancement in some fields such as research and consulting.
Depending upon which specialty you choose, supplement curriculum with important supporting courses: business, journalism, planning, geology, entomology, soils, biology. Take communications courses and develop computer skills.
Majoring in two subject areas or pursuing a minor can increase marketability. For example, study in landscape design and business, or public horticulture and journalism, can lead to greater opportunities.